It will reveal banners at the bottom of existing photos indicating whether higher quality pictures are needed. During one review, Doubek found a glitch with the computer software: it did not recognize the spaces that appeared within a last name, such as van der Meide. Nor could it properly discern a compounded first name, such as Billy Bob, versus a traditional first and middle name. [95] Of the 27 million draft-age men between 1964 and 1973, 40% were drafted into military service, and only 10% were actually sent to Vietnam. "[56] Investigations by Korean civic groups have alleged that at least 9,000 civilians were massacred by ROK forces. The Vietnam Veterans Memorial Fund is a 501(c)3 nonprofit organization. [45] One example cited by Turse is Operation Speedy Express, an operation by the 9th Infantry Division, which was described by John Paul Vann as, in effect, "many My Lais". Quantico, VA 22134. According to statistics from the South Vietnamese Ministry of Health, 44.5% of civilians admitted to hospitals between 1967 and 1970 were wounded by mines or mortars, 21.2% by guns or grenades, and 34.3% by artillery or bombing. And. It was compiled by Jay Ebert, and used Tom Holloway's original database files as a starting point. The Wall in Washington, D.C., had 58.281 names of Vietnam War casualties on it. We are still looking for better-quality photos for several thousand of the men, Hoehn told Vietnam magazine. I asked if he wanted to see his picture, Reckinger said. He received his B.A. Her areas of interest include the Vietnam War and World Wars I and II, with a focus on Great Britain, Germany and Eastern Europe. Washington, DC 20374-5060, For records relating to U.S. national war policy, information may be found in, Vietnam War Casualty and POW/MIA Records Descriptions, Vietnam War Fatal Casualty Statistics (U. S. Armed Forces Personnel), State Lists of U. S. Fatal Casualties of the Vietnam War, Electronic Data Records Relating to Military Objectives and Activities During the Vietnam War, Search Selected Vietnam War Electronic Records, RG 472 United States Forces in Southeast Asia, 1950-1975, Office of Civil Operations and Rural Support (CORDS), Marine Corps Command Chronologies for the Vietnam War, Records Relating to American Prisoners of War and Missing in Action from the Vietnam War Era, 1960-1994, RG 335 Office of the Secretary of the Army, RG 341, Records of the U.S. Air Force Staff, RG 342, Records of U.S. Air Force Commands, Activities, and Organizations, RG 340, Records of the Office of the Secretary of the Navy, RG 27 Records of the Marine Corps - Command Chronologies (Entry UD-07D 1), RG 24 Records of the Bureau of Naval Personnel, RG 218 Records of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, RG 330 Records of the Office of the Secretary of Defense. Australia deployed over 60,000 servicemen and women to the conflict in Vietnam between 1962 and 1975; Australians served between 1962 and 1973, and again for a brief period in 1975. The Vietnamese newspaper Nhn Dn reported in 2012 that the U.S. government was providing $41 million to the project, which aimed to reduce the contamination level in 73,000 m of soil by late 2016. "We had no qualms. Ronald H. Spector is Professor of History and International Affairs in the Elliott School of International Affairs at George Washington University. In 1982 the Vietnam Veterans Memorial was dedicated in Washington, D.C., inscribed with the names of 57,939 members of U.S. armed forces who had died or were missing as a result of the war. Step 7: Open bank account: Financial backers need to open two sorts of ledgers, to be specific the speculation capital record to get the venture sum and the exchange represent going through with . In . Once a master list was compiled, the names were checked manually for errors. You can also visit the mobile exhibit. The nation's latest mass shooting happened in Dadeville, Alabama . The State of Indiana, Vietnam casualties list by county : list of names reported from Jan. 1, 1961 thru Mar. I am proud of my work with this project and will never forget this time in my life.. Once additions are approved by DoD, VVMF receives the list of approved names, coordinates the inscribing and absorbs the costs. The sum of those totals is 3,091,000 war deaths between 195575. Names can also be located on The Wall of Faces on VVMFs web site, www.vvmf.org/wall-of-faces, Vietnam Veterans Memorial Fund | 3033 Wilson Blvd, Suite 300 | Arlington VA 22201 | 202.393.0090 The Wall in Washington, DC has the names listed in the order of the date of death or when the person became missing. The United States has spent over $65 million since 1998 as part of unexploded ordnance clearing operations. [33][34] The United States government has challenged these figures as being unreliable. Department of Veterans Affairs BIRLS Death File, 1850-2010: see the "National Cemeteries and Beneficiaries" section below. Subscribe to our HistoryNet Now! But you had stories of guys in the Air Force who would die in their aircraft over Thailand after having been shot over Vietnam. Technically, they were ineligible for inclusion on the Wall. They seem honored to be putting the names on the Wall.. Vietnam War casualties from Pennsylvania Click or Tap on name to find a personal memorial page of a casualty from this state. [92], African Americans suffered disproportionately high casualty rates in Vietnam. To obtain original copies of the records of this collection, contact the U.S. Department of Defense at: U.S. Department of Defense 1400 Defense Pentagon Washington, D.C. 20301-1400 703-571-3343 In the event a service members remains are returned or accounted for, then a diamond symbol is engraved over the plus sign. The wide disparity among the estimates cited below is partially explained by the different time periods of the Vietnam War covered by the studies and whether casualties in Cambodia and Laos were included in the estimates. The 2nd Marine Brigade reportedly perpetrated the Binh Tai Massacre on 9 October 1966. Shelby L. Stanton, 'The Rise and Fall of an American Army,' Spa Books, 1989, xvi. [71] The official US Department of Defense figure was 950,765 communist forces killed in Vietnam from 1965 to 1974. [75], The PAVN/VC forces suffered around 600,000 wounded during the war,[76] and prior to the 1975 spring offensive, lost at least 26,880 soldiers taken prisoner - being released after the 1973 Peace Accords. The Memorial is dedicated to honor the courage . For families who have worked to have their loved ones name added, the journey can be long and exhausting. : 325 6 January. Rummel estimates 212,000 killed by Khmer Rouge (19671975), 60,000 killed by U.S. and 1,000 killed by South Vietnam (196773). Meanwhile, the Soviet Union and China poured weapons, supplies, and advisers into the North, which in turn provided support, political direction, and regular combat troops for the campaign in the South. She has written numerous military history books, articles and book reviews and is also an award-winning author. By 1969 more than 500,000 U.S. military personnel were stationed in Vietnam. November 11, 1982. The war lasted from 1955 to 1975 and most of the fighting took place in South Vietnam; accordingly it suffered the most casualties. [62] Across all three wars including the First Indochina War and the Third Indochina War there was a total of 1,146,250 PAVN/VC confirmed military deaths, included 939,460 with bodies recovered and 207,000 with the bodies unfound. Salois was the first soldier from their unit to call the Klugs. One escapee died of wounds sustained during his rescue 15 days later. "It was the epitome of immoralityOne of the times I counted bodies after an air strikewhich always ended with two napalm bombs which would just fry everything that was leftI counted sixty-two bodies. Thus, there were 211,455 killed and wounded, or one in every 10 Americans who served in Vietnam. Step 1: The importer/buyer (Party A) asks the supplier/seller (Party B) for the samples of products that they need to have for their . However, there have been no such cases. Vietnam emerged from the war as a potent military power within Southeast Asia, but its agriculture, business, and industry were disrupted, large parts of its countryside were scarred by bombs and defoliation and laced with land mines, and its cities and towns were heavily damaged. Not until 1995 did Vietnam release its official estimate of war dead: as many as 2 million civilians on both sides and some 1.1 million North Vietnamese and Viet Cong fighters. CASUALTIES BY AGE-ENLISTED The casualty date is the date the person was killed or wounded in combat or injured during an accident; for the missing, the date is when the person was reported missing. "UCDP/Prio Armed Conflict Database", Uppsala University, sfn error: no target: CITEREFRummel1997 (. The names are listed in chronological order, according to the date of casualty. Vietnam War Casualties, MIA and POWs. [45], Air force captain, Brian Wilson, who carried out bomb-damage assessments in free-fire zones throughout the delta, saw the results firsthand. The database also estimates combat deaths in Cambodia for the years 196775 to total 259,000. U.S. military advisers, present in small numbers throughout the 1950s, were introduced on a large scale beginning in 1961, and active combat units were introduced in 1965. I went through the whole list of names eight times, because I was concerned about the correct formatting, remembered Doubek. [46], The ROK Capital Division reportedly perpetrated the Bnh An/Ty Vinh massacre in February/March 1966. [8], Lewy estimates that 40,000 South Vietnamese civilians were assassinated by the PAVN/VC; 300,000 were killed as a result of combat in South Vietnam, and 65,000 were killed in North Vietnam for a total of 405,000 killed. [93][97], Civil rights leaders, including Martin Luther King Jr., Malcolm X, John Lewis, Muhammad Ali and others, criticized the racial disparity in both casualties and representation in the entire military, prompting the Pentagon to order cutbacks in the number of African Americans in combat positions. Lins vision prevailed. among the more than 58,000 names on the Vietnam . If a name was particularly long, it would be swapped with a shorter name. In 1964 an Ohio woman took up the challenge that had led to Amelia Earharts disappearance. Johnson raised the number of South Vietnam deployments to 23,000 U.S. soldiers by the end of his first year in office. Although the Wall of Faces now has a photo for each name, the VVMF continues to search for additional, higher-quality images and stories. Reports of casualties vary, but during the 10 days of intense fighting, an estimated 630 North Vietnamese were killed. for records of U.S. Army casualties documenting the period 1961-1981. History is who we are and why we are the way we are.. I respect the process, but it can be hard to prove something thats in your heart., Thats what makes it so special when you see the name going up, she added. U.S. Army Personnel and Dependent Casualties, 1961-1981 85% of the records in this database are related to the Vietnam Conflict. [73][74], Historian Christian Appy states "search and destroy was the principal tactic; and the enemy body count was the primary measure of progress" in the US strategy of attrition. In 1976, the Vietnamese government organized Gathering Teams to find the remains of dead soldiers. The panel number is a number/letter combination, such as 10W or 35E. No estimate given for deaths caused by Viet Cong/North Vietnam (195475). The Vietnam Veterans Memorial in Washington, D.C. has the names listed in chronological order by date of loss. [20] About 130 American and 16,000 South Vietnamese POWs died in captivity. The National Archives and Records Administration prepared theseVietnam War casualty lists by creating extracts from the military casualty data files in the Records of the Office of the Secretary of Defense (Record Group 330). Proving a direct correlation to the injuries is a challenge, Pontes explained. Furthermore, domestic unrest and the financial cost of war made peaceand troop withdrawalsa necessity, not a choice. Seven massacres officially confirmed by the American side. It specified the geographic areas of Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia and surrounding coastal areas as combat zones. While VVMF finances the name additions to the Wall, it is the Department of Defense that makes these difficult and often technical decisions. The lists are based on the home of record state data provided by the serviceman or woman upon last entrance into military service. For this figure, Guenter Lewy assumes that one-third of the reported enemy killed may have been civilians, concluding that the actual number of deaths of the VC and PAVN military forces was probably closer to 444,000. The National Archives has custody of U.S. Marine Corps command chronologies during the Vietnam era and some other records for Vietnam. troops. The west wall is on the left when standing facing the vertex, and the east wall is to the right. Since body counts were a direct measure of operational success, US "operations reports" often listed civilian deaths as enemy KIA or exaggerated the number. In my report I described them as so many women between fifteen and twenty-five and so many childrenusually in their mothers' arms or very close to themand so many old people." Civil War Battles. The Wall That Heals has a large-screen TV and slideshow, Hoehn said. An estimate by the Department of Defense after the war gave a figure of 1.2 million civilian casualties, including 195,000 deaths. [21] During the peak war years, another scholar Guenter Lewy attributed almost a third of civilian deaths to the VC. Harper Perennial; September 1991. from Johns Hopkins and his MA and Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. The Vietnam Veterans Memorial in Washington, D.C., lists more than 58,300 names of members of the U.S. armed forces who were killed or went missing in action. My most memorable story came from contacting a daughter-in-law of a fallen service member only to find out that her husband had never seen a photo of his father, Hine said. "[56] Another Marine commander, Gen. Robert E. Cushman Jr., added, "we had a big problem with atrocities attributed to them, which I sent on down to Saigon. In order to have your name on the Wall, you had to have died within the war zone, explained Doubek. Although North Vietnamese and Viet Cong casualty counts vary wildly, it is generally understood that they suffered several times the number of American casualties. The U.S. military has estimated that between 200,000 and 250,000 South Vietnamese soldiers died. For those and a handful of other unique circumstances, Doubek made his own list of men who had died due to the injuries in the combat zonesnames that may have been listed by an individual service branch, but not by DoD. Calculating U.S. Lins intention from the beginning was to have the names appear chronologically, beginning and ending at the apex. Congress is now considering doing something it hasnt done since the Vietnam War repealing authorizations for the use of military force, De-escalation, negotiation, and Vietnamization, The United States negotiates a withdrawal, 9 Questions About the Vietnam War Answered, https://www.britannica.com/event/Vietnam-War, Vietnam War - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), Vietnam War - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up), Why the debate over repealing Iraq War approval matters. Legacy of Hamburger . [6], A 2008 study by the BMJ (formerly British Medical Journal) came up with a higher toll of 3,812,000 dead in Vietnam between 19552002. In that respect, it failed: the two Vietnams were united under a communist banner in July 1976. To put a circle around the symbol beside their names would not provide the correct historical context related to their situation. These Vietnam War photos taken by U.S. Army photographers reveal a side of the conflict that few people have ever seen. Democide is the murder of persons by or at the behest of governments. Those who argue that the United States opponents won the war cite the United States overall objectives and outcomes. This was long before the advent of integrated computer databases. Ho Khang, ed, Marilyn Young. Unfortunately, the Department of Defense and the individual service branches maintained separate casualty lists with slightly differing criteria. This tank was an upgrade, but it still had flaws. She wanted the names to tell the journey, or the timeline, of the war. The names on the Vietnam Veterans Memorial, better known as the Wall, will no longer stand alone. Rummel does not give a medium or high estimate. On the west wall, the symbol precedes the name; on the east wall, the symbol follows the name. Commander George L. Jackson said, "In response to this criticism, the Department of Defense took steps to readjust force levels in order to achieve an equitable proportion and employment of Negroes in Vietnam." The killed in action figure comes from "Special Subject 4: The Work of Locating and Recovering the Remains of Martyrs From Now Until 2020 And Later Years," downloaded from the Vietnamese government website datafile on 1 December 2017. [89], The total number of casualties, both KIA and non-hostile deaths, for drafted and volunteer service personnel (figures are approximated):[90], During the Vietnam War, 30% of wounded service members died of their wounds. Lt. Hedwig Orlowski, 2nd Lt. Carol Drazba, 1st. Search by SSN, name, date of casualty, etc. Estimates of casualties of the Vietnam War vary widely. The Vietnam War was a long, costly and divisive conflict that pitted the communist government of North Vietnam against South Vietnam and its principal ally, the United States. "Making More Enemies than We Kill? U.S. Navy action reports and war diaries for the Vietnam conflict are in the custody of the Naval History and Heritage Command. Per war: 191,605 deaths in the First Indochina War, 849,018 deaths in the Second Indochina War (Vietnam War), and 105,627 deaths in the Third Indochina War. Lewy reduced the number of Viet Cong (VC) and People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) battle deaths claimed by the U.S. by 30 percent (in accordance with the opinion of United States Department of Defense officials), and assumed that one third of the reported battle deaths of the PAVN/VC may have actually been civilians. Whether or not there is any family whatsoever, each mans life was important and we want to honor him., I am thrilled beyond words that the project is completed, Hoehn said. While at a The Wall That Heals stop, a local veteran asked me to find his friends name on The Wall. On that panel, above the names is this inscription: In honor of the men and women of the armed forces of the United States who served in the Vietnam War. January 2-3 January. Another challenge was ensuring the accuracy of the names. Please note: U.S. Navy muster rolls/personnel diaries after 1971 utilize social security numbers and are subject to privacy restrictions. [105], Two major war memorials commemorating the dead of the, Deaths caused by the South Korean military, North Vietnamese and Viet Cong military casualties, Disproportion of African American casualties. The two countries finally resumed formal diplomatic relations in 1995. Compounding these difficulties was the issue that many casualties, particularly from the Air Force, were not always straightforward in terms of locale. Although the records may not be complete, the U.S. National Archives shows that 58,220 U.S. soldiers perished, and categorized the deaths as follows. At the time, approximately 1,300 names were designated as servicemen who were either missing or prisoners of war. Soldiers, one wounded and being carried by a colleague, walking down Hill Timothy, during the conflict in Vietnam. The most comprehensive and authoritative history site on the Internet. The South Vietnamese government, on the other hand, fought to preserve a Vietnam more closely aligned with the West. A few years after the dedication, the issue of geographic criteria was expanded by DoD to include people who had been killed outside of the war zone while on or in support of direct combat missions. [72], The Phoenix Program, a counterinsurgency program executed by the United States Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), United States special operations forces, and the Republic of Vietnam's security apparatus, killed 26,369 suspected of being VC operatives and informants. Not far away in another grove of eight trees is a sculpture of three servicewomen caring for a wounded soldier - the Vietnam Women's Memorial. Encounter Books, December 2022. Kennedy was assassinated in 1963, but his successor, Lyndon B. Johnson, continued the work that Kennedy had started. Fallen comrades could be together on the Wall, as theyd been in death. [50][51] South Korean Marines reportedly perpetrated the H My massacre on 25 February 1968. [102] The Red Cross of Vietnam estimates that up to 1 million people are disabled or suffer health problems due to Agent Orange exposure. HistoryNet.com contains daily features, photo galleries and over 25,000 articles originally published in our nine magazines. Including 28 civilians, originally there were 52 missing civilians. [27] Estimates for the number of North Vietnamese civilian deaths resulting from US bombing range from 30,00065,000. The number of these "boat people" leaving Vietnam and arriving safely in another country totalled almost 800,000 between 1975 and 1995. The study's authors stated that methodological limitations of the study include imbalance between rural and urban areas and the potential exclusion of high mortality areas. If a person died or went missing in those areas, DoD considered that individual to be a combat zone casualty and eligible for inclusion on the Wall. The process of letter of credit import payment methods. The U.S. Military estimated that approximately 200,000 to 250,000 South Vietnamese perished in the Vietnam War. [62][63] Based on unit surveys, a rough estimate of 3040% of dead and missing were non-combat deaths. The Vietnam Veterans Memorial provides a searchable database of names included on the Memorial, as well as lists of casualties. American soldiers and Vietnamese refugees returning to the town of Hue, in Vietnam. Among other countries that fought for South Vietnam, South Korea had more than 4,000 dead, Thailand about 350, Australia more than 500, and New Zealand some three dozen. The names of those who gave their lives and of those who remain missing are inscribed in the order they were taken from us. EIN: 52-1149668, Copyright 2023 The Vietnam Veterans Memorial Fund, Javascript must be enabled for the correct page display, Look up the name in the Vietnam Veterans Memorial. No single persons service or sacrifice would be any greater than anyone elses. The overwhelming majority of the MIA are from northern Vietnam. In some cases, the researchers found, the project did even more. You can scroll down to see the names of casualties listed under their official city. Moyar, Mark. Beside each name is a symbol that denotes a service members status: either missing or confirmed dead. [14], German historian Bernd Greiner mentions the following war crimes reported and/or investigated by the Peers Commission and the Vietnam War Crimes Working Group, among other sources:[43]. [15][16][17] Walter Mead estimates that approximately 365,000 Vietnamese civilians to have died as a result of the war during the period of American involvement. The essence of the Wall is the names and the reaction of the visitor to seeing his or her reflection in this sea of remembrance. Many of the refugees failed to survive the passage, facing danger from pirates, over-crowded boats, and storms. Hine, for example, was able to reconnect a son with his father. The West Wall May 25, 1968 to May 15, 1975. He estimated that victims of democide (deliberate killing of civilians) included 214,000 by North Vietnam/VC and 98,000 by South Vietnam and its allies. Corrections? Our 9 best-selling history titles feature in-depth storytelling and iconic imagery to engage and inform on the people, the wars, and the events that shaped America and the world. Many black men who had previously been ineligible could now be drafted, along with many poor and racially intolerant white men from the southern states. newsletter for the best of the past, delivered every Monday and Thursday. VVMF receives numerous requests each year from individuals who wish to have particular names added to the Memorial. The National Archives and Records Administration prepared these Vietnam War casualty lists by creating extracts from the military casualty data files in the Records of the Office of the Secretary of Defense (Record Group 330). Those who argue that the United States won the war point to the fact that the U.S. defeated communist forces during most of Vietnams major battles. [68] Per the official Vietnamese history, over 10,000 more PAVN soldiers were killed in the final offensive of early 1975. [99][100] In 2012 alone, unexploded ordnance and claimed 500 casualties in Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia, according to activists and Vietnamese government databases. In reality, it is a collection of ideas, images, and information that enough people have chosen to preserve and disseminate. Pentagon statistics listed 39,000 and 61,000 PRG/DRV dead for the same time period.". Two further massacres were reported by soldiers who had taken part in them, one north of c Pho in, 426 killed in action, 74 died of other causes, 6 missing in action (all accounted for and repatriated), This page was last edited on 17 April 2023, at 15:30. Two other cleanup sites being reviewed by the United States and Vietnam are Bin Ha Air Base, in the southern province of ng Naia 'hotspot' for dioxinand Ph Ct Air Base in Bnh nh Province, according to U.S. "The Vietnam Wars." Volunteer researcher Janna Hoehn, interviewed by Vietnam magazine in March, spearheaded the effort to collect the last 18 names needed to complete the Wall of Faces earlier this year. Doubek was tasked with identifying all of the names to be included on the Wall. By Age: Age at Time of Death Casualties 17 12 18 3,103 19 8,283 20 14,095 21 9,705 22 4,798 [11], Author Mark Woodruff noted that when the Vietnamese Government finally revealed its estimated losses (in April 1995) as being 1.1 million dead or missing, U.S body count figures had actually underestimated enemy losses. There was strong pressure to produce body counts as a measure of operational success and enemy body counts were directly tied to promotions and commendation. USA.gov, The U.S. National Archives and Records Administration The United States had provided funding, armaments, and training to South Vietnams government and military since Vietnams partition into the communist North and the democratic South in 1954. Textual documents relating to the Vietnam conflict are spread across several record groups (RGs). Omissions? Kennedys expansion stemmed in part from Cold War-era fears about the domino theory: if communism took hold in Vietnam, it would topple democracies throughout the whole of Southeast Asia, it was thought. [77] Additionally, according to the U.S. military, they also lost up to 101,511 personnel as defectors due to the Chieu Hoi program,[78] but one analyst speculates that less than 25% of those were genuine. However, from a constitutional perspective, this conflict did not technically count as a war. Long before the Vietnam conflict had ended, the "Huey" (its original Army designation was HU-1A, for Helicopter, Utility, Model 1A) was probably the most recognizable helicopter in the world. These numbers are not official statistics and are for informational purposes only. Locate the line on which the name is inscribed. [70], RJ Rummel estimates 1,011,000 PAVN/VC combatant deaths. The last 18 names listed on the bottom of Panel 1, West, also at the apex, are from May 15, 1975. Other volunteers who played a key role include Andrew Johnson, a Wisconsin newspaper publisher; David Hine, who first discovered the effort from a VVMF newsletter; and Herb Reckinger, who began searching for Minnesotans on the Wall in 2014 and expanded to other states. Whether they produced battlefield images of the dead or daguerreotype portraits of common soldiers, []. Neighbouring Laos and Cambodia similarly fell to communists. Spent over $ 65 million since 1998 as part of unexploded ordnance clearing operations 1.2! ] during the peak war years, another scholar Guenter Lewy attributed almost a third of civilian to. Symbol precedes the name additions to the Vietnam conflict are in the Vietnam conflict in... The same time period. `` and 250,000 South Vietnamese soldiers died in another country totalled almost between. 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