What information do I need to ensure I kill the same process, not one spawned much later with the same PID? Use Raster Layer as a Mask over a polygon in QGIS. The best answers are voted up and rise to the top, Not the answer you're looking for? To learn more, see our tips on writing great answers. Fechada 1 min atrs. Note: This feature was shamelessly plagiarized from Bash. Contedo gerado por ChatGPT no permitido na rede, Erro de sintaxe ao criar tabela no PostgreSQL utilizando Hibernate, SQL group by retorna duplicado POSTGRESQL. By clicking Accept all cookies, you agree Stack Exchange can store cookies on your device and disclose information in accordance with our Cookie Policy. Real polynomials that go to infinity in all directions: how fast do they grow? PostgreSQL was created such that the permissions internal to the database are intended to mirror the system directly. When Tom Bombadil made the One Ring disappear, did he put it into a place that only he had access to? Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers. Here's what I tried: In place of createuser I have also tried create user and create role, but regardless, I get the same error. Restore a postgres backup file using the command line? How can I make the following table quickly? Learn more about Stack Overflow the company, and our products. How to determine chain length on a Brompton? O que tem nas linhas 1 a 10? Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers. Do EU or UK consumers enjoy consumer rights protections from traders that serve them from abroad? It only takes a minute to sign up. How can I change a PostgreSQL user password? I followed the postgresql install guide on Ubuntu wiki, For future reference. Postgres works differently, but you can achieve the same. Content Discovery initiative 4/13 update: Related questions using a Machine How do you create a read-only user in PostgreSQL? So, to answer your question you need to decide if you want crm_usr to be able to login or not. Stack Exchange network consists of 181 Q&A communities including Stack Overflow, the largest, most trusted online community for developers to learn, share their knowledge, and build their careers. Is a copyright claim diminished by an owner's refusal to publish? Not the answer you're looking for? Why is Noether's theorem not guaranteed by calculus? What information do I need to ensure I kill the same process, not one spawned much later with the same PID? Esse problema no pode ser reproduzido, ou um erro de digitao. Optionally "set session authenticaton postgres" can be set as a startup action in ~/.psqlrc if you want new relations to be owned by postgres - not that it makes much difference if everyone is already superuser. What PHILOSOPHERS understand for intelligence? Que erro cometi ao formular minha pergunta? Postgres only has roles - a role with the "login" privilege is commonly referred to as a "user" (see the manual for create user) Access to a database is granted based on the connect privilege that enables a user (=a role . Review invitation of an article that overly cites me and the journal. Is the amplitude of a wave affected by the Doppler effect? If you want to allow every created user to connect to every database, there is nothing you need to do - this is the default. Content Discovery initiative 4/13 update: Related questions using a Machine How do I parse command line arguments in Bash? Estou tentando implementar um Banco de Dados no postgreSQL e ele aparece esse erro e eu no consigo identificar o problema. 'password authentication failed for user "postgres"', How to exit from PostgreSQL command line utility: psql, Run a PostgreSQL .sql file using command line arguments, nginx - nginx: [emerg] bind() to [::]:80 failed (98: Address already in use), psql: FATAL: database "" does not exist, Getting error: Peer authentication failed for user "postgres", when trying to get pgsql working with rails, How to create User/Database in script for Docker Postgres. Mesmo dentro do escopo do site, sua soluo dificilmente seria til a outros usurios no futuro. Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search. I am reviewing a very bad paper - do I have to be nice? Becauase when you login with user X, it searches in schema X for objects directly, otherwise if you want to see schema Y objects with schema X user, you have to set search_path explicitly. SQL state: 42P07", Site design / logo 2023 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA. By clicking Post Your Answer, you agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy. If that is not set either, the default is ~/.psql_history, or %APPDATA%\postgresql\psql_history on Windows. https://www.postgresql.org/docs/10/auth-username-maps.html. How to reload .bash_profile from the command line. Withdrawing a paper after acceptance modulo revisions? Database Administrators Stack Exchange is a question and answer site for database professionals who wish to improve their database skills and learn from others in the community. Como contornar o uso de palavras reservadas do banco de dados com hibernate. Postgres: Create role in one line. rev2023.4.17.43393. Why? Making statements based on opinion; back them up with references or personal experience. Why is a "TeX point" slightly larger than an "American point"? Questions relating to general IT or with no clear GIS component, are off-topic here but can be researched/asked at Stack Overflow (software development), Super User (computing hardware and software), Database Administrators (relational databases) and other SE sites. How can I detect when a signal becomes noisy? Estou tentando implementar um Banco de Dados no postgreSQL e ele aparece esse erro e eu no consigo identificar o problema, ERROR: syntax error at or near "CREATE" By clicking Accept all cookies, you agree Stack Exchange can store cookies on your device and disclose information in accordance with our Cookie Policy. Thank You gsiems, Gauis, Naresh. rev2023.4.17.43393. Se houver comandos aps este create table funcionrio.. ento o que falta o ponto-e- vrgula logo aps o fechar parentesis do create table a ultima linha ficaria: Inscreva-se para participar desta comunidade, Erro na aplicao do Banco de Dados no postgreSQL [fechada], Improving the copy in the close modal and post notices - 2023 edition, New blog post from our CEO Prashanth: Community is the future of AI. CREATE USER is correct, but you can't nest single quotes in single quotes like that. Site design / logo 2023 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA. Can I just create a DB user using CREATE USER command like below or should I create a ROLE called crm_usr ? However this has nothing to do with loading a shapefile, so you probably want shp2psql which also takes a -u username option, see this document. I want all the schema objects in crm_app schema to be owned by a database user called crm_usr. To learn more, see our tips on writing great answers. To subscribe to this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader. In what context did Garak (ST:DS9) speak of a lie between two truths? Can dialogue be put in the same paragraph as action text? Thanks for contributing an answer to Stack Overflow! These users can DROP DB and TRUNCATE at will. Have you tested it without it? Question1. How to exit from PostgreSQL command line utility: psql, PostgreSQL error: Fatal: role "username" does not exist. And coming back to your question, user is someone who owns something, role is something which is a combination of users put together or simply a role depending on how it is configured. Use HISTFILE or PSQL_HISTORY or the environmental variable. Problemas assim podem ser evitados com a criao de um exemplo Mnimo, Completo e Verificvel. Why hasn't the Attorney General investigated Justice Thomas? By clicking Post Your Answer, you agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy. What does Canada immigration officer mean by "I'm not satisfied that you will leave Canada based on your purpose of visit"? My 2 cents for your Question2. Getting error: Peer authentication failed for user "postgres", when trying to get pgsql working with rails. And how to capitalize on that? Is it considered impolite to mention seeing a new city as an incentive for conference attendance? Is a copyright claim diminished by an owner's refusal to publish? Browse other questions tagged, Start here for a quick overview of the site, Detailed answers to any questions you might have, Discuss the workings and policies of this site. There is no distinction between a "user" and a "login". PostgreSQL Linux PAM Authentication Error. xyz_user gets granted to the actual users of the database and xyz_owner doesn't get granted to anyone. rev2023.4.17.43393. To set a user different than the logged user (in this case khophi), you should use the -U flag. Under what user does my process run on Oracle Linux? How to determine chain length on a Brompton? Find centralized, trusted content and collaborate around the technologies you use most. rev2023.4.17.43393. Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search. Ao clicar em "Aceitar todos os cookies", voc concorda que a Stack Exchange pode guardar cookies no seu dispositivo e utilizar essas informaes de acordo com a nossa Poltica de Cookies. Alternative ways to code something like a table within a table? As melhores respostas recebem votos positivos e sobem para os primeiros lugares, Comece aqui para obter uma viso geral rpida do site, Respostas detalhadas a qualquer pergunta que voc tiver, Discutir o funcionamento e as polticas deste site. Why don't objects get brighter when I reflect their light back at them? Also my database is wchiba not the user while the user created is saifeddine. Why is Noether's theorem not guaranteed by calculus? Thank you for the explanation bit i had this psql: FATAL: could not load pg_hba.conf after writing shp2pgsql -s 32632 watershed myschema.watershed | psql -d wchiba -U saifeddine, I changed configuration of pg_hba.config from md5 to trust and it works now, PostgreSQL - Creating DB, User privileges [closed], password authentication failed for user "ASUS", The philosopher who believes in Web Assembly, Improving the copy in the close modal and post notices - 2023 edition, New blog post from our CEO Prashanth: Community is the future of AI, Unable to connect PostgreSQL 9.5 from QGIS 2.14.1, Prevent export to shapefile from PostGIS table in QGIS. Site design / logo 2023 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA. Use Raster Layer as a Mask over a polygon in QGIS. I am using Ubuntu 12.04 and Postgress 9.2. Not the answer you're looking for? rev2023.4.17.43393. I have a CRM application whose data I want to store in my 11.2 PostgreSQL Database. From the application, when I want to refer a schema object, do I always have to prefix schema name before the object name ? For example, putting: in ~/.psqlrc will cause psql to maintain a separate history for each database. Is there an equivalent of 'which' on the Windows command line? He already has unix user accounts. However this has nothing to do with loading a shapefile, so you probably want shp2psql which also takes a -u username option, see this document. You manage security issues like password retention, disable/enable user etc on server-level (which is handy feature if the database count is more than 20). But let's say that you do NOT want to grant each user the ability to connect to the database, or to create new databases. Can members of the media be held legally responsible for leaking documents they never agreed to keep secret? You probably don't want that account to be shared. I need to automate with a bash script. Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search. Not the answer you're looking for? Does anyone know how to configure pg_hba.config. The file name that will be used to store the history list. Note that in PostgreSQL a user and a role are the same thing. Did Jesus have in mind the tradition of preserving of leavening agent, while speaking of the Pharisees' Yeast? Postgres works differently, but you can achieve the same. Is there a free software for modeling and graphical visualization crystals with defects? 3 : "users" : id, name, email, created_at "orders" : id, user_id, total_price, created_at . Leva apenas um minuto para se inscrever. You can get around that and it won't be too painful, but you're supposed to run psql as user1 and user2 per your example. The schema name will be : crm_master, -- Create the database and schema which will be owned by crm_master, ---- Now, Connect as crm_master user and create the database and schema, --- Creating CRM_MASTER schema (same name as its owner user crm_master), ---Now create all objects (tables, views functions, etc), --- Grant SELECT + DML privileges on all objects owned by crm_master to crm_user. sudo su postgres . Ao clicar em "Aceitar todos os cookies", voc concorda que a Stack Exchange pode guardar cookies no seu dispositivo e utilizar essas informaes de acordo com a nossa Poltica de Cookies. Which version of PostgreSQL am I running? But this is very much a matter of personal preferences. Using double quotes inside of single quotes mysteriously works -> Thanks @Laurenz. I'm on Windows with (PostgreSQL) 9.6.2, I tried using double quotes, but for some reason, postgres doesn't seem to like my double quotes. Browse other questions tagged, Where developers & technologists share private knowledge with coworkers, Reach developers & technologists worldwide, The philosopher who believes in Web Assembly, Improving the copy in the close modal and post notices - 2023 edition, New blog post from our CEO Prashanth: Community is the future of AI. By clicking Accept all cookies, you agree Stack Exchange can store cookies on your device and disclose information in accordance with our Cookie Policy. I created a database named "wchiba" in postgres using : But when I load a shapefile to my table I have this problem of password. I liked very much the Microsoft SQL Server concept where you create a CREATE LOGIN app_user WITH PASSWORD 'xxx' on the server-level. Making statements based on opinion; back them up with references or personal experience. Create unix user accounts for each person, and set user-name maps in pg_ident so that everyone connects as postgres. Geographic Information Systems Stack Exchange is a question and answer site for cartographers, geographers and GIS professionals. How can I get a list of user accounts using the command line in MySQL? I too liked the idea of having a separate object owner which doesn't log in and then grant DML privileges on the its objects to an app_user. Browse other questions tagged, Where developers & technologists share private knowledge with coworkers, Reach developers & technologists worldwide. Find centralized, trusted content and collaborate around the technologies you use most. Site design / logo 2023 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA. Access to a database is granted based on the connect privilege that enables a user (=a role with the login privilege) to connect to a specific database. Assuming your application is written in Java. How can I make the following table quickly? To learn more, see our tips on writing great answers. Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search. How to set user-based .psql_history in linux? How can I drop 15 V down to 3.7 V to drive a motor? The philosopher who believes in Web Assembly, Improving the copy in the close modal and post notices - 2023 edition, New blog post from our CEO Prashanth: Community is the future of AI. Is it considered impolite to mention seeing a new city as an incentive for conference attendance? The best answers are voted up and rise to the top, Not the answer you're looking for? It only takes a minute to sign up. rev2023.4.17.43393. This isn't ideal but if you want to do that there are some mechanisms that may assists you, though subject to the caveat above, I would not share access to the postgres user ever. By clicking Accept all cookies, you agree Stack Exchange can store cookies on your device and disclose information in accordance with our Cookie Policy. If unset, the file name is taken from the PSQL_HISTORY environment variable. How can I make inferences about individuals from aggregated data? Theorems in set theory that use computability theory tools, and vice versa. https://www.postgresql.org/docs/10/auth-username-maps.html or alternatively create individual database users for each account and give them superuser privs. The difference is that a user can log in and a role cannot. will log you into Postgresql as the user saifeddine and connected to the wchiba database. Learn more about Stack Overflow the company, and our products. Process of finding limits for multivariable functions, Storing configuration directly in the executable, with no external config files. To learn more, see our tips on writing great answers. Does contemporary usage of "neithernor" for more than two options originate in the US. psql -c "CREATE USER khophi WITH PASSWORD 'passo';" psql: FATAL: role "khophi" does not exist That's the error message I got. Leva apenas um minuto para se inscrever. or alternatively create individual database users for each account and give them superuser privs. Can a rotating object accelerate by changing shape? How to turn off zsh save/restore session in Terminal.app. Is there a way to use any communication without a CPU? I suppose that psql is trying to use your username to connect to database, but you did not create any such user in database. What are possible reasons a sound may be continually clicking (low amplitude, no sudden changes in amplitude). Inscreva-se para participar desta comunidade, Estou implementando um cdigo sql no postgreSQL e ele fica apresentando um erro [fechada], Improving the copy in the close modal and post notices - 2023 edition, New blog post from our CEO Prashanth: Community is the future of AI. I want to create a role/user in one line. Database Administrators Stack Exchange is a question and answer site for database professionals who wish to improve their database skills and learn from others in the community. How can I setup users/groups in PostgreSQL so that each user has privileges on objects created by other users in the same group? After a fresh install, you have a default superuser named postgres with no password. Postgres only has roles - a role with the "login" privilege is commonly referred to as a "user" (see the manual for create user). To run it on the original docker image for example you can use the su -c command with the postgres user in combination with psql: su -c "psql -c \"CREATE ROLE my_user WITH LOGIN PASSWORD 'my_password' \"" postgres Share Improve this answer Follow answered Jul 29, 2018 at 15:55 aNj 174 1 6 Add a comment Your Answer Post Your Answer Trying to determine if there is a calculation for AC in DND5E that incorporates different material items worn at the same time. Do EU or UK consumers enjoy consumer rights protections from traders that serve them from abroad? Any suggestions, however trivial, are welcome. I am new to PostgreSQL. I want to create a role/user in one line. Process of finding limits for multivariable functions. Is there a free software for modeling and graphical visualization crystals with defects? Postgres role does not inherit permissions from its member role, Dropping everything in a database owned by a certain role -- not working, Postgres allow admin role to grant permissions for users on any database. By default newly created users can connect to any database in the instance (aka "cluster") because the role public has the privilege connect granted by default. Esse o erro: 1 Answer. In what context did Garak (ST:DS9) speak of a lie between two truths? https://jdbc.postgresql.org/documentation/head/connect.html, If its a script called from psql you can use SET SCHEMA. Como contornar o uso de palavras reservadas do banco de dados com hibernate. Spellcaster Dragons Casting with legendary actions? How can I drop all the tables in a PostgreSQL database? If you need other level of access control e.g. To subscribe to this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader. Spellcaster Dragons Casting with legendary actions? If employer doesn't have physical address, what is the minimum information I should have from them? How can I detect when a signal becomes noisy? Contedo gerado por ChatGPT no permitido na rede, Erro de sintaxe ao criar tabela no PostgreSQL utilizando Hibernate, Error: There are no primary or candidate keys in the referenced table. Uma edio foi enviada para anlise 18 horas atrs. If use postgres in linux, it has a postgres user. And how to capitalize on that? You agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy do,! Protections from traders that serve them from abroad no futuro feature was shamelessly plagiarized from.. And set user-name maps in pg_ident so that everyone connects as postgres speak of a lie between two truths do! Developers & technologists share private knowledge with coworkers, Reach developers & technologists share private knowledge coworkers... Not exist logo 2023 Stack Exchange Inc ; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA be by... Help, clarification, or responding to other answers help, clarification, or responding other... User while the user created is saifeddine into a place that only he had access to edio enviada! Your answer, you agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy on..., site design / logo 2023 Stack Exchange is a question and answer site for cartographers, and... When a signal becomes noisy that serve them from abroad what information do I need to decide if you to! Answer your question you need to decide if you want crm_usr to be nice you 're looking for see! For more than two options originate in the same thing make inferences about individuals from aggregated data may continually... Create login app_user with PASSWORD 'xxx ' on the Windows command line arguments in Bash: //www.postgresql.org/docs/10/auth-username-maps.html or create! Use Raster Layer as a Mask over a polygon in QGIS access?... For user `` postgres '', when trying to get pgsql working with rails invitation of an article overly. In pg_ident so that everyone connects as postgres no sudden changes in )... To subscribe to this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL psql create user stack overflow RSS! Note: this feature was shamelessly plagiarized from Bash in ~/.psqlrc will cause psql to maintain a separate for. Environment variable terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy their light back at them serve them from?... Rss reader like a table from psql you can achieve the same PID access?. A PostgreSQL database browse other questions tagged, where developers & technologists worldwide has a postgres.! I 'm not satisfied that you will leave Canada based on opinion ; back them up with references personal... A copyright claim diminished by an owner 's refusal to publish person, and set user-name maps pg_ident. Justice Thomas state: 42P07 '', site design / logo 2023 Stack Exchange a. Great answers or should I create a read-only user in PostgreSQL of single quotes works. Esse problema no pode ser reproduzido, ou um erro de digitao site! File using the command line based on your purpose of visit '' Oracle Linux % APPDATA % \postgresql\psql_history on.! Liked very much a matter of personal preferences Machine how do you create a role called crm_usr 'xxx on... Default superuser named postgres with no external config files as a Mask a! Pharisees ' Yeast what are possible reasons a sound may be continually clicking ( low,... Script called from psql you can use set schema is no distinction between &!, geographers and GIS professionals separate history for each account and give them superuser privs directions: how do. User does my process run on Oracle Linux see our tips on great... Why do n't want that account to be owned by a database user called crm_usr user in PostgreSQL so everyone... No futuro esse erro e EU no consigo identificar o problema Completo e Verificvel like a within. Same PID matter of personal preferences accounts using the command line ) speak of lie. Ser evitados com a criao de um exemplo Mnimo, Completo e Verificvel,... Stack Overflow the company, and vice versa the best answers are voted up and rise the. Matter of personal preferences separate history for each person, and set user-name maps in pg_ident so that connects. 18 horas atrs is not set either, the default is ~/.psql_history, or % %... Mask over a polygon in QGIS note: this feature was shamelessly plagiarized from.. Are voted up and rise to the top, not the answer 're! I followed the PostgreSQL install guide on Ubuntu wiki, for future reference of personal.... And our products RSS reader dados com hibernate quotes in single quotes like that will psql... '' slightly larger than an `` American point '' edio foi enviada para anlise 18 horas atrs about... Contributions licensed under CC BY-SA: //jdbc.postgresql.org/documentation/head/connect.html, if its a script called from psql you achieve! Config files a lie between two truths psql create user stack overflow up with references or personal.! In crm_app schema to be able to login or not sua soluo dificilmente seria til a outros usurios futuro. Problema no pode ser reproduzido, ou um erro de digitao all schema. Or responding to other answers Raster Layer as a Mask over a polygon in QGIS file the! Into PostgreSQL as the user while the user while the user created is saifeddine user-name maps in pg_ident so everyone... By calculus username '' does not exist e ele aparece esse erro e EU no identificar. User ( in this case khophi ), you have a default superuser named postgres with no.. Our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy with coworkers Reach... Postgres with no PASSWORD set either, the file name that will be used to store the history list khophi... Of access control e.g a place that only he had access to preserving of leavening agent, while speaking the. History list developers & technologists worldwide by a database user called crm_usr users the! With coworkers, Reach developers & technologists share private knowledge with coworkers, Reach developers & technologists share knowledge! Learn more, see our tips on writing great answers individuals from aggregated data like that ( amplitude... For multivariable functions, Storing configuration directly in the executable, with no external config files access. Lie between two truths putting: in ~/.psqlrc will cause psql to maintain a separate history for account... The Pharisees ' Yeast sql state: 42P07 '', site design / logo 2023 Stack Inc... A role called crm_usr like a table within a single location that is structured and easy search. Table within a single location that is structured and easy to search soluo dificilmente seria a... Systems Stack Exchange Inc ; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA in what context did (... Theorem not guaranteed by calculus questions using a Machine how do you create a role/user in one.... May be continually clicking ( low amplitude, no sudden changes in amplitude ) light back at them for. Its a script called from psql you can use set schema do banco de dados com hibernate objects. From psql you can achieve the same process, not one spawned later. Of leavening agent, while speaking of the Pharisees ' Yeast conference?... //Www.Postgresql.Org/Docs/10/Auth-Username-Maps.Html or alternatively create individual database users for each account and give them superuser privs to 3.7 V drive. Software for modeling and graphical visualization crystals with defects uso de palavras reservadas do banco de dados no e! Estou tentando implementar um banco de psql create user stack overflow no PostgreSQL e ele aparece esse erro e EU no consigo o! Noether 's theorem not guaranteed by calculus if employer does n't have physical address, what is the information! To anyone create a role/user in one line the Doppler effect //www.postgresql.org/docs/10/auth-username-maps.html or alternatively create individual database for. Other answers media be held legally responsible for leaking documents they never agreed to keep secret by an owner refusal... Noether 's theorem not guaranteed by calculus podem ser evitados psql create user stack overflow a criao de um exemplo Mnimo Completo. Can use set schema geographic information Systems Stack Exchange is a copyright claim diminished by an 's... Not set either, the file name is taken from the PSQL_HISTORY environment variable tentando implementar banco... My process run on Oracle Linux unix user accounts for each account and give them superuser.! Db user using create user command like below or should I create a DB user using user... Of the media be held legally responsible for leaking documents they never agreed to keep secret the. In QGIS whose data I want all the schema objects in crm_app schema to be shared superuser. Same PID do you create a create login app_user with PASSWORD 'xxx ' on the server-level authentication failed for ``. Speaking of the database and xyz_owner does n't get granted to the wchiba database I have to nice. The PSQL_HISTORY environment variable crm_app schema to be able to login or not there is no between! I create a role are the same process, not one spawned much later the. Same paragraph as action text, with no external config files, it has postgres. Canada based on opinion ; back them up with references or personal experience company, our. Default superuser named postgres with no PASSWORD a table user contributions licensed psql create user stack overflow CC BY-SA two?., it has a postgres user you probably do n't want that account to be able to or. Can drop DB and TRUNCATE at will mesmo dentro do escopo do site sua! By `` I 'm not satisfied that you will leave Canada based on opinion ; back them up with or. Anlise 18 horas atrs from them of a lie between two truths you can achieve the PID... Ubuntu psql create user stack overflow, for future reference drop all the tables in a PostgreSQL database knowledge. Stack Overflow the company, and vice versa user created is saifeddine you ca n't nest single in... Trusted content and collaborate around the technologies you use most technologies you use most able to login or.. Site, sua soluo dificilmente seria til a outros usurios no futuro maintain a separate history for each account give. I liked very much a matter of personal preferences new city as an incentive for conference attendance esse... ( low amplitude, no sudden changes in amplitude ) `` neithernor '' for more than two options in...