However, others may have ssDNA, dsRNA, or ssRNA genomes. In lysogenic cycles, the spread of the viral DNA occurs through normal reproduction of the host, whereas in lytic cycles, many copies of the virus are created quickly and the host cell is destroyed. During the lysogenic cycle, instead of killing the host, the phage genome integrates into the bacterial chromosome and becomes part of the host. Shigella dysenteriae, which produces dysentery toxins from the genes of lambdoid prophages, Streptococcus pyogenes, which produces a pyrogenic exotoxin through lysogenic conversion and causes scarlet fever, and c. Dec 20, 2022 OpenStax. After binding to host receptors, animal viruses enter through endocytosis(engulfment by the host cell) or through membrane fusion (viral envelope with the host cell membrane). For example, the citrus tristeza virus infects only a few plants of the Citrus genus, whereas the cucumber mosaic virus infects thousands of plants of various plant families. This occurs through contraction of the tail sheath, which acts like a hypodermic needle to inject the viral genome through the cell wall and membrane. Viruses cannot replicate on their own. Explore the stages of the Ebola life cycle. -phage is the best example of a temperate phage. There are five stages in the bacteriophage lytic cycle (see Figure 6.7). Textbook content produced by OpenStax is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License . 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"latency", "one-step multiplication curve", "generalized", "showtoc:no", "license:ccby", "licenseversion:40", "source@https://openstax.org/details/books/microbiology" ], https://bio.libretexts.org/@app/auth/3/login?returnto=https%3A%2F%2Fbio.libretexts.org%2FBookshelves%2FMicrobiology%2FMicrobiology_(OpenStax)%2F06%253A_Acellular_Pathogens%2F6.02%253A_The_Viral_Life_Cycle, \( \newcommand{\vecs}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}}}\) \( \newcommand{\vecd}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash{#1}}} \)\(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)\(\newcommand{\AA}{\unicode[.8,0]{x212B}}\), 6.3: Isolation, Culture, and Identification of Viruses, The Life Cycle of Viruses with Prokaryote Hosts, http://apps.who.int/gho/data/view.eb150318?lang=en, source@https://openstax.org/details/books/microbiology, status page at https://status.libretexts.org, Describe the lytic and lysogenic life cycles, Describe the replication process of animal viruses, Describe unique characteristics of retroviruses and latent viruses, Discuss human viruses and their virus-host cell interactions, Describe the replication process of plant viruses. Ebola - spread by blood and body fluids, reservoir unknown; . The time required for systemic infection may vary from a few days to a few weeks depending on the virus, the plant species, and the environmental conditions. Depending on the type of nucleic acid, cellular components are used to replicate the viral genome and synthesize viral proteins for assembly of new virions. Not all animal viruses undergo replication by the lytic cycle. Polymerase genes are usually expressed early in the cycle, while capsid and tail proteins are expressed later. To liberate free phages, the bacterial cell wall is disrupted by phage proteins such as holin or lysozyme. Attachment is the first stage in the infection process in which the phage interacts with specific bacterial surface receptors (e.g., lipopolysaccharides and OmpC protein on host surfaces). Ebola undergoes a lytic cycle a mechanism of virus replication that uses the host cell to produce new copies of viral particles and destroy the host cell's DNA. The host cell's DNA is destroyed and the virus takes over the cell's metabolism, creating copies of itself. The virus enters the body through broken skin or unprotected mucous membranes in the eyes, nose, and mouth. The various mechanisms that HIV uses to avoid being cleared by the immune system are also used by other chronically infecting viruses, including the hepatitis C virus. Eventually, the damage to the immune system results in progression of the disease leading to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). The lytic cycle, or virulent infection, involves a virus taking control of a host cell and using it to produce its viral progeny, killing the host in the process. The process in which a bacterium is infected by a temperate phage is called lysogeny. However, some viruses can only be transferred by a specific type of insect vector; for example, a particular virus might be transmitted by aphids but not whiteflies. The OpenStax name, OpenStax logo, OpenStax book covers, OpenStax CNX name, and OpenStax CNX logo However, most plant viruses do not have a DNA genome; the majority have a +ssRNA genome, which acts like messenger RNA (mRNA). Persistent infection occurs when a virus is not completely cleared from the system of the host but stays in certain tissues or organs of the infected person. Some may have more than one host. In the lysogenic cycle, the viral DNA is inserted into the bacterial chromosome through genetic recombination. The burst size is the maximum number of virions produced per bacterium. One experimental drug uses a mixture of three monoclonal antibodies. Despite its virulence, Ebola has not spread in Europe and the United States. On September 24, 2014, Thomas Eric Duncan arrived at the Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital in Dallas complaining of a fever, headache, vomiting, and diarrheasymptoms commonly observed in patients with the cold or the flu. What is the structure and genome of a typical plant virus? However, unlike prophage, the provirus does not undergo excision after splicing into the genome. What is the difference between a contagious pathogen and an infectious pathogen? In this blog post, we will discuss the lytic replication cycle of the Ebola virus, including the different stages of the cycle, the mechanisms of replication, and the significance of this process in the context of EVD. (credit: modification of work by NIAID, NIH), (a) Varicella-zoster, the virus that causes chickenpox, has an enveloped icosahedral capsid visible in this transmission electron micrograph. Viruses that infect plants are considered biotrophic parasites, which means that they can establish an infection without killing the host, similar to what is observed in the lysogenic life cycles of bacteriophages. Lysogenic conversion is a process in which a non-virulent bacteria becomes a highly virulent pathogen by incorporating virulence factors carried on a lysogenic prophage. The Zaire ebolavirus, more commonly known as the Ebola virus, was linked to severe EVD outbreaks such as the 1976 viral hemorrhagic fever outbreak in Sudan and Congo. Since the phage is integrated into the host genome, the prophage can replicate as part of the host. In this minireview we consider the diversity of phage types as based on potential infection strategies, particularly productive or lysogenic along with lytic release versus chronic release, with emphasis on what major variants should be called (see Table 1 for glossary of terms). About 10 to 12 days postinfection, the disease resolves and the virus goes dormant, living within nerve-cell ganglia for years. Therefore, rabies is lysogenic, not lytic. The final stage is release. Once released, this virion will then inject the former hosts DNA into a newly infected host. Although drugs and vaccines are already used to manage severe outbreaks, their efficacies are continuously being studied. Two days later, Duncan returned to the hospital by ambulance. It is a member of the Filoviridae family of viruses, which also includes the Marburg virus. Should such drugs be dispensed and, if so, who should receive them, in light of their extremely limited supplies? These types of viruses are known as latent viruses and may cause latent infections. The phage head and remaining components remain outside the bacteria. Unprotected mucous membranes in the lysogenic cycle, while capsid and tail are! 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