Gently undulating plains, which become waterlogged during the rainy season, are found in these areas. Notably, as First Speaker of the House, Jaja Wachuku received Nigeria's Instrument of Independence, also known as Freedom Charter, on 1 October 1960, from Princess Alexandra of Kent, the Queen's representative at the Nigerian independence ceremonies. The situation is uncertain, with Nigeria, ..is sliding downhill faster and faster, with less and less chance unity and stability. The school was characterised by its overt Nigerian nationalism and it was geared towards forging a Nigerian identity through publicizing the glories of pre-colonial history. Loose sandy soils consisting of wind-borne deposits and riverine sands are found in the northern regions, although, in areas where there is a marked dry season, a dense surface layer of laterite develops, making these soils difficult to cultivate. Borno reached its pinnacle under mai Idris Aloma (ca. [21][22] Radiocarbon dating of a sample of charcoal found near the site dates the canoe at 8,500 to 8,000 years old, linking the site to Lake Mega Chad. Nigeria is not only large in arealarger than the U.S. state of Texasbut also Africas most populous country. Lagos, the former capital, retains its standing as the countrys leading commercial and industrial city. Nigeria is a West African country occupying an area of 923,769 sq. The Niger River, for which the country is named, and the Benue, its largest tributary, are the principal rivers. Obasanjo, a former general, was admired for his stand against the Abacha dictatorship, his record of returning the federal government to civilian rule in 1979, and his claim to represent all Nigerians regardless of religion. Toyin Falola, and Julius Omozuanvbo Ihonvbere. The middle two-thirds of the country, the savanna regions, contain reddish, laterite soils; they are somewhat less fertile than those of the north because they are not subject to as much seasonal drying, nor do they receive the greater rainfall that occurs in the more southerly regions. After a secret tribunal, most of the accused were convicted and several death sentences were handed down. The PRC promulgated a new constitution based largely on the suspended 1979 constitution, before the 29 May 1999 inauguration of the new civilian president. [48] The Olorun is now called God in the Yoruba language. "A political history of Nigeria and the crisis of ethnicity in nation-building. 15691600) during whose reign Kanem was reconquered. The destruction of Songhai left Borno uncontested and until the 18th-century Borno dominated northern Nigeria. Borno regained some of its former might in the succeeding decades, but another drought occurred in the 1790s, again weakening the state. The young Audu, who was an aspirant in last Friday's APC primary in Kogi State, described the primary as a highly compromised and fraudulent process characterized by unprecedented irregularities. He was assassinated on 13 February 1976 in an abortive coup and his chief of staff Lt. Gen. Olusegun Obasanjo became head of state. The Etymological Origins of the Word Nigeria The name Niger-ia, or Nigger area was given to that country by the mistress of one of the most evil-minded genocidal murders of Muurs named Lord (Bloodclat!) History The Igbo people are derived from Eri, a heavenly person who was sent from heaven to start civilization, according to Igbo tradition. [56] At least one historian puts fikunim's reign much later, around 1225.[57]. With over 12 years of direct political experience in a terrain dominated by men, Senator Tinubu's tenure as first lady will be one of a kind. Omissions? The southwest has always been dominated by the Yoruba people, descendants of the Oyo Empire, while the southeast has always been dominated by the Igbo people . The Southwest part of Nigeria was formed recently as a nation by 850, it was also established as the basics of the Eastern Akan tribes. A sign of federalism has been the growing visibility of state governors and the inherent friction between Abuja and the state capitals over resource allocation.[97]. The neat protrusion from the chin represents a beard. In the 1980s Nigerian scholarship, in general, began to decline, and the Ibadan School was hugely affected. However, on June 12, 2018, General Muhammadu Buhari, as president, announced a shift in this date from May 29 to June 12, as from the year 2019. The Akintola faction argued that the Yoruba peoples were losing their pre-eminent position in business in Nigeria to people of the Igbo tribe because the Igbo-dominated NCNC was part of the governing coalition and the AG was not. [20], The Nok culture thrived from approximately 1,500 BC to about 200 AD on the Jos Plateau in north and central Nigeria and produced life-sized terracotta figures that include human heads, human figures, and animals. Katsina and Daura were the "Chiefs of the Market," as their geographical location accorded them direct access to the caravans coming across the desert from the north. Nigeria is bordered to the north by Niger, to the east by Chad and Cameroon, to the south by the Gulf of Guinea of the Atlantic Ocean, and to the west by Benin. The Central Intelligence Agency commented in October 1966 in a CIA Intelligence Memorandum that:[85]. Many top minds were co-opted with plum jobs in the administration and left academia. Alternate titles: Federal Republic of Nigeria, Emeritus Lecturer in the Modern History of Africa, University of Oxford; Emeritus Fellow of St. Antony's College, Oxford. It might suggest speech and that the figure has something to tell us. circa 800 BC - Jos plateau settled by Nok - a neolithic and iron age civilisation. In December 1990 the first stage of partisan elections was held at the local government level. In the 11th-century, the conquests initiated by Gijimasu of Kano culminated in the birth of the first united Hausa Nation under Queen Amina, the Sultana of Zazzau but severe rivalries between the states led to periods of domination by major powers like the Songhai, Kanem and the Fulani. Additionally, the Obasanjo administration must defuse longstanding ethnic and religious tensions if it hopes to build a foundation for economic growth and political stabilityCurrently, there is conflict in the Niger Delta over the environmental destruction caused by oil drilling and the ongoing poverty in the oil-rich region[98].. A further major problem created by the oil industry is the drilling of pipelines by the local population in an attempt to drain off the petroleum for personal use or as a source of income. However, Nigerias most diverse feature is its people. [61] The rules regarding these taboos were used to educate and govern Nri's subjects. Lagos was occupied by British forces in 1851 and formally annexed by Britain in the year 1865. Another factor was the military threat of the Tuareg centred at Agades who penetrated the northern districts of Borno. Neither Abacha nor Abubakar lifted the decree suspending the 1979 constitution, and the 1989 constitution was not implemented. On 1 October 1995 Abacha announced the timetable for a three-year transition to civilian rule. Characteristic landforms in this region include oxbow lakes, river meander belts (see meander), and prominent levees. [75], Capturing 89 seats in the federal parliament was the second-largest party in the newly independent country the National Council of Nigerian Citizens (NCNC). However, the opposition had accusations of electoral fraud in polls. [13] Nigeria first became a republic in 1963, but succumbed to military rule after a bloody coup d'tat in 1966. On 15 January 1966, a group of army officers (the Young Majors) mostly south-eastern Igbos, overthrew the NPC-NNDP government and assassinated the prime minister and the premiers of the northern and western regions. 4 January 2016. trace the origin of News Agency of Nigeria discuss the functions of NAN and the services rendered by the agency. The famous Kano Chronicle records the conversion of Kano's ruling dynasty by clerics from Mali, demonstrating that the imperial influence of Mali extended far to the east. Aviation workers in Nigeria have embarked on a two-day strike, leaving thousands of travelers stranded as airlines canceled or rescheduled flights in the country's major cities, A local official in Nigeria says that at least 33 people have been killed by gunmen in the country's northwest, From dressing as Roman soldiers in Antigua, Guatemala, to carrying palm fronds on the streets of Lagos, Nigeria, Christians around the world are celebrating Holy Week, State authorities said Tuesday at least 10 students were abducted by gunmen in northwest Nigeria, In a story published April 2, 2023, about police reforms in Grand Rapids, Michigan, a year after a Black man was shot and killed during a traffic stop, The Associated Press erroneously reported where the victim, Patrick Lyoya, was born. Goodluck Jonathan called for new elections and stood for re-election in April 2011, which he won. In November 1999, the army destroyed the town of Odi, Bayelsa State and killed scores of civilians in retaliation for the murder of 12 policemen by a local gang. On 1 October 2001 Obasanjo announced the formation of a National Security Commission to address the issue of communal violence. Numerous ancient African civilizations settled in the region that is known today as Nigeria, such as the Kingdom of Nri,[1] the Benin Empire,[2] and the Oyo Empire. This lack of communication left the new acting President Jonathan with no knowledge of his predecessor's plans. [84] The name Federal Republic of Nigeria was restored on 31 August 1966. Key Facts. Following the Napoleonic Wars, the British expanded trade with the Nigerian interior. Only five political parties were approved by the regime and voter turnout for local elections in December 1997 was under 10%. At various moments in their history, the Hausa managed to establish central control over their states, but such unity has always proven short. Communal violence has plagued the Obasanjo government since its inception. The capital is Idah in Kogi state. There the vegetation provides humus and protects it from erosion by heavy rainfall. His comments were interpreted by some analysts as a warning to his vice president and 2007 presidential candidate Atiku Abubakar. [77] Fighting between the members broke out. On 20 December 1997, the government arrested General Oladipo Diya, ten officers, and eight civilians on charges of coup plotting. [15][16][17] Shaw's excavations at Igbo-Ukwu revealed a 9th-century indigenous culture that created highly sophisticated work in bronze metalworking, independent of Arab or European influence and centuries before other sites that were better known at the time of discovery. Abacha died of heart failure on 8 June 1998 and was replaced by General Abdulsalami Abubakar. While that may be a lot of people, population . Nok artwork; 5th century BC 5th century AD; length: 50cm (19.6in. The public response convinced Babangida of intense opposition to an economic recession. [88], The U.S. analysts said that "Nigeria is still very much a tribal society" where local and tribal alliances count more than "national attachment. ); terracotta; Muse du quai Branly. [68], With the suppression of the slave trade,[69] palm oil and palm kernels became the main exports. Others have suggested that the technology moved west from the Nile Valley, although the Iron Age in the Niger River valley and the forest region appears to predate the introduction of metallurgy in the upper savanna by more than 800 years. Shortly afterwards the AG opposition leader, Chief Obafemi Awolowo, was imprisoned to be without foundation. 34 which sought to unify the nation. Nigeria - the Origin, Meaning and Principality. But before then, he was the governor of both the Northern and Southern protectorates. In September 2018, a . [9][10] Local merchants provided them with slaves, escalating conflicts among the ethnic groups in the region and disrupting older trade patterns through the Trans-Saharan route.[11]. The Ibadan School began to decline in importance in the 1970s. We think Gowon will have great difficulty in staying in office through the period which he said is necessary before the turnover of power to civilians. Nigeria, country located on the western coast of Africa. [70] Obasanjo was reelected in 2003. The U.S. intelligence community concluded in November 1970 that "The Nigerian Civil War ended with relatively little rancour. The Igala Kingdom expanded beyond the present-day boundary. Acceptance of Islam was gradual and was often nominal in the countryside where folk religion continued to exert a strong influence. [87], Following the civil war, the country turned to the task of economic development. Nigeria as a nation has a rich and complex history which can be traced to when it first became a British protectorate in 1901. However, the bloody nature of the Young Majors coup caused another coup to be carried out by General Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi. It has been in an acute stage since last January when a military coup d'tat destroyed the constitutional regime bequeathed by the British and upset the underlying tribal and regional power relationships. [80] Some of the Young Majors were arrested and detained by the Ironsi government. Gobir, located in the west, was the "Chief of War" and was mainly responsible for protecting the empire from the invasive Kingdoms of Ghana and Songhai. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. In the precolonial period the country normally produced enough agricultural commodities to feed its population, and it even maintained a surplus for export. Nri and Aguleri and part of the Umueri clan, a cluster of Igbo village groups which traces its origins to a sky being called Eri and significantly, includes (from the viewpoint of its Igbo members) the neighbouring kingdom of Igala. ", Ogbeidi, Michael M. "Political leadership and corruption in Nigeria since 1960: A socio-economic analysis. After holding the record as the longest-serving female senator in the history of Nigeria, Remi Tinubu will become first lady when her husband is inaugurated as President on 29 May. The constitution includes provisions for a bicameral legislature, the National Assembly consisting of a 360-member House of Representatives and a 109-member Senate. Queen Elizabeth II was monarch of Nigeria and head of state, and Nigeria was a member of the British Commonwealth of Nations. 34 sought to do away with the whole federal structure under which the Nigerian government had been organised since independence. A number of oracles and local cults attracted devotees while the central deity, the earth mother and fertility figure Ala, was venerated at shrines throughout Igboland. South of Kano the mixed soils contain locally derived granite and loess (wind-borne deposits). General Muhammadu Buhari took over the helm of affairs in May 2015 after a peaceful transfer of power from the Jonathan led administration. The Igala are an ethnic group of Nigeria. In May 1999 violence erupted in Kaduna State over the succession of an Emir resulting in more than 100 deaths. In October 2001, hundreds were killed and thousands displaced in communal violence that spread across the states of Benue, Taraba, and Nasarawa. However, the Igbo rejected attempts at constitutional revisions and insisted on full autonomy for the east. The Kingdom of Nri was a religio-polity, a sort of theocratic state, that developed in the central heartland of the Igbo region. The need to protect its commercial interests compelled Borno to intervene in Kanem, which continued to be a theatre of war throughout the 15th century and into the 16th century. In the historic 12 June 1993 presidential elections, which most observers deemed to be Nigeria's fairest, early returns indicated that wealthy Yoruba businessman M. K. O. Abiola won a decisive victory. River basin development projects have created many large man-made lakes, including Lake Kainji on the Niger and Lake Bakolori on the Rima River. This continued until the BBC aired an interview that was allegedly done via telephone from the president's sick bed in Saudi Arabia. Some Fulbe converted to Islam as early as the 11th century and settled among the Hausa, from whom they became racially indistinguishable. Security officers rounded up the accused, including former Head of State Obasanjo and his deputy, retired General Shehu Musa Yar'Adua. [18][19], The earliest known example of a fossil human skeleton found anywhere in West Africa, which is 13,000 years old, was found at Iwo-Eleru in Isarun, western Nigeria, and attests to the antiquity of habitation in the region. "The petroleum industry is expanding faster than expected and oil revenues will help defray military and social service expenditures "Nigeria emerged from the war with a heightened sense of national pride mixed with an anti-foreign sentiment, and an intention to play a larger role in African and world affairs." Ghana declined in the 11th century but was succeeded by the Mali Empire which consolidated much of western Sudan in the 13th century. Kano and Rano were known as the "Chiefs of Indigo." [73] Western education and the development of a modern economy proceeded more rapidly in the south than in the north, with consequences felt in Nigeria's political life ever since. Quiz, Central Intelligence Agency - The World Factbook - Nigeria, Official Site of the Embassy of Nigeria in Seoul, South Korea, Official Site of the Embassy of Nigeria in Germany, Official Site of the Embassy of Nigeria in Vienna, National Geographic Kids - Countries - Nigeria, Official Site of the Embassy of Nigeria in Stockholm, Sweden, Nigeria - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), Nigeria - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up), Nigerian airport workers go on strike; travelers stranded, At least 33 people killed by gunmen in northwest Nigeria, AP PHOTOS: Joyous Holy Week celebrations around the world, At least 10 students abducted by gunmen in northwest Nigeria, Correction: Police-Shooting-Michigan-Race story. Additionally, the Ironsi government was unable to produce a constitution acceptable to all sections of the country. Translated in Arabic as nahr al-anhur "river of rivers." updated on June 13, 2019 On 1 October 1954, the colony became the autonomous Federation of Nigeria. However, on 23 June, Babangida, using several pending lawsuits as a pretence, annulled the election, throwing Nigeria into turmoil. Evidence of iron smelting has also been excavated at sites in the Nsukka region of southeast Nigeria in what is now Igboland: dating to 2,000 BC at the site of Lejja[28][29] and to 750 BC at the site of Opi. The period of British rule lasted until 1960 when an independence movement led to the country being granted independence. [89] All five parties won representation in the National Assembly. During the 15th century Oyo and Benin surpassed Ife as political and economic powers, although Ife preserved its status as a religious center. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. Hundreds of languages are spoken in the country, including Yoruba, Igbo, Fula, Hausa, Edo, Ibibio, Tiv, and English. Ecological and political instability provided the background for the jihad of Usman dan Fodio. As Nigeria works out representational democracy, conflicts persist between the Executive and Legislative branches over appropriations and other proposed legislation. [53], Archaeological evidence suggests that Nri hegemony in Igboland may go back as far as the 9th century,[54] and royal burials have been unearthed dating to at least the 10th century. [95], The new president took over a country that faced many problems, including a dysfunctional bureaucracy, collapsed infrastructure, and a military that wanted a reward for returning quietly to the barracks. The Fulani came from the Senegal River valley, where their ancestors had developed a method of livestock management based on transhumance. The Sokoto Plains and the Borno Plains are located in the northwestern and northeastern corners of the country respectively. His successor Askia Muhammad Ture (14931528) made Islam the official religion, built mosques, and brought Muslim scholars, including al-Maghili (d.1504), the founder of an important tradition of Sudanic African Muslim scholarship, to Gao.[32]. The Oyo Empire held supremacy over other Yoruba nations like the Egba Kingdom, Awori Kingdom, and the Egbado. Lagos, however, is not perceived as the "spiritual and bureaucratic capital of Africa"; Addis Ababa has that role.". From 1959 to 1960, Jaja Wachuku was the First Nigerian Speaker of the Nigerian Parliament, also called the "House of Representatives." In 1885, British claims to a West African sphere of influence received international recognition; and in the following year, the Royal Niger Company was chartered under the leadership of Sir George Taubman Goldie. By these same routes, Islam made its way south into West Africa after the 9th century. On 27 October 1958 Britain agreed that Nigeria would become an independent state on 1 October 1960. ), width: 50cm (19.6in. Rather than relaxing colonial strictures in gratitude after the war, the European presence in Africa intensified. [24], Stone axe heads, imported in great quantities from the north and used in opening the forest for agricultural development, were venerated by the Yoruba descendants of Neolithic pioneers as "thunderbolts" hurled to earth by the gods. [27] Kainji Dam excavations revealed iron-working by the 2nd century BC. A constituent assembly was elected in 1977 to draft a new constitution, which was published on 21 September 1978, when the ban on political activity was lifted. [104] In May 2010, the Nigerian government learned of Yar'Adua's death after a long battle with existing health problems and an undisclosed illness. B. Webster, R. J. Gavin, Robert Smith, and John D. Omer-Cooper. "The period 1919-1935 was colonial imperialism's last territorial drive in Africa. Most fateful for the Ironsi government was the decision to issue Decree No. Nok male figure; terracotta; Detroit Institute of Art (Michigan, USA). Modern Nigeria dates from 1914, when the British Protectorates of Northern and Southern Nigeria were joined. Olutayo C. Adesina, "Teaching History in Twentieth-Century Nigeria: the Challenges of Change,", Queen Elizabeth II was monarch of Nigeria and head of state, overthrew the NPC-NNDP government and assassinated the prime minister and the premiers of the northern and western regions, massacre of thousands of Ibo in the north, "The Nri Kingdom (900AD - Present): Rule by theocracy", "Historic regions from 5th century BC to 20th century", "Historical Legacies | Religious Literacy Project", "The Transatlantic Slave Trade | Religious Literacy Project", "When I Remember Nigeria, I Remember Democracy! Akintola was appointed to head a coalition government in the Western Region. Unlike the forest-bound Yoruba kingdoms, Oyo was in the savanna and drew its military strength from its cavalry forces, which established hegemony over the adjacent Nupe and the Borgu kingdoms and thereby developed trade routes farther to the north. These were cancelled due to fraud and subsequent primaries scheduled for September also were cancelled. The Niger has many rapids and waterfalls, but the Benue is not interrupted by either and is navigable throughout its length, except during the dry season. Other states where Igalas can be found are Anambra, Delta and Benue states. [52][53] He has been characterized as having first given societal order to the people of Anambra. The school's output appears in the "Ibadan History Series."[111]. The Niger delta is a vast low-lying region through which the waters of the Niger River drain into the Gulf of Guinea. Nigeria. This made inviting foreign scholars, subscribing to journals, and attending conferences vastly more expensive. Nigeria is the seventh-most populous country in the world, home to more than 200 million people. After calling off a threatened strike in July the Nigeria Labour Congress (NLC) reconsidered a general strike in August after the government imposed conditions on Abiola's release. The major drainage areas in Nigeria are the Niger-Benue basin, the Lake Chad basin, and the Gulf of Guinea basin. [90] All of this meant that by 1979, Nigeria was the sixth largest producer of oil in the world with revenues from oil of $24 billion per year. [105][106] However, his re-election bid in 2015 was truncated with the emergence of former military ruler General Muhammadu Buhari, mainly on his inability to quell the rising insecurity in the country. The national capital is Abuja, in the Federal Capital Territory, which was created by decree in 1976. They arrived at Lagos and Benin in 1485 and the Merchants were welcomed. The modern city of Calabar was founded in 1786 by Efik families who had left Creek Town, farther up the Calabar river, settling on the east bank in a position where they were able to dominate traffic with European vessels that anchored in the river, and soon becoming the most powerful in the region extending from now Calabar down to Bakkasi in the East and Oron Nation in the West. Hundreds of ethnic Hausa were killed in reprisal attacks in south-eastern Nigeria. The new president faces the daunting task of rebuilding a petroleum-based economy, whose revenues have been squandered through corruption and mismanagement. [32], According to the Encyclopedia of African History, "It is estimated that by the 1890s the largest slave population of the world, about 2 million people, was concentrated in the territories of the Sokoto Caliphate. Nok seated figure; 5th century BC 5th century AD; terracotta; 38cm (1ft. 3 in. As a colony, it was initially divided into the Southern Nigeria Protectorate and Northern Nigeria Protectorate. In the 15th century the region brought under central control is a mere seventy-miles across (people and places being harder to subdue in the tropical forest than on the savanna), though a century later Benin stretches from the Niger delta in the east to Lagos in the west. The most mountainous area is along the southeastern border with Cameroon, where the Cameroon Highlands rise to the highest points in the country, Chappal Waddi (7,936 feet [2,419 metres]) in the Gotel Mountains and Mount Dimlang (6,699 feet [2,042 metres]) in the Shebshi Mountains. [46] Urbanisation was accompanied by high levels of artistic achievement, particularly in terracotta and ivory sculpture and in the sophisticated metal casting produced at Ife. On December 31, 1983, the military overthrew the Second Republic. 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