Normally, these membrane channel proteins are configured to limit water reabsorption. Am J Physiol 278:F620F627, Shayakul C, Steel A, Hediger MA (1996) Molecular cloning and characterization of the vasopressin-regulated urea transporter of rat kidney collecting ducts. To maintain a constant temperature and relative humidity in their burrows, kangaroo rats plug the entrances with soil during the day. The differences observed between the two species of marsupials were both structural and functional. because the animal can radiate heat. Such changes do not involve adding new complex genetic In this scenario, the outer medulla acts as a "springboard" that serves as a catalyst to drive physiological processes taking place in the inner medulla. But their bodies contain about 66 per cent water, as in other mammals. Am J Physiol 287:C1087C1093, Sonntag SR, Ziemans A, Wulfmeyer VC, Milatz S, Bleich M, Himmerkus N (2018) Diuretic state affects ascending thin limb tight junctions. Am J Physiol 251:F271F277, Beuchat CA (1996) Structure and concentrating ability of the mammalian kidney: correlations with habitat. Accessed 2009-06-27. [12], Kangaroo rats achieve the ability to be sustained on limited water by having incredibly derived kidneys. In the short interval between inhalation and exhalation, the thermal gradient between nose and trachea is maintained. J Clin Invest 100:957962, Ma T, Yang B, Gillespie A, Carlson EJ, Epstein CJ, Verkman AS (1998) Severely impaired urinary concentrating ability in transgenic mice lacking aquaporin-1 water channels. The movements of sodium, chloride and water are summarised in Figure 30. conditioners dry the air in a room in the same way. Am J Physiol 271:R647R653, Frigeri A, Gropper MA, Turck CW, Verkman AS (1995) Immunolocalization of the mercurial-insensitive water channel and glycerol intrinsic protein in epithelial cell plasma membranes. sleeping overnight). They are thought to have evolved independently. Kangaroo rats have the ability to produce urine that is more concentrated than the maximum concentrated urine of common laboratory rats (6000 H 2 O vs. 3000 mOsmol kg 1 H 2 O; Beuchat 1996). Proc Natl Acad Sci 108:1294912954, Oliver JA (1968) Nephrons and kidneys: A quantitative study of developmental and evolutionary mammalian renal architectonics. This is not the case with the desert kangaroo rat. The rats burrow into the soil to better survive the sometimes harsh desert environment. Kidney Int 31:629633, Knepper MA, Saidel GM, Hascall VC, Dwyer T (2003) Concentration of solutes in the renal inner medulla: interstitial hyaluronan as a mechano-osmotic transducer. This is likely in part because the home ranges of females overlap less than the home ranges of males. nightmares. Start this free course now. [14] So naturally small rodents can persist in much more water deficient environments than larger animals. Am J Physiol 274:C549C554, Chou CL, Nielsen S, Knepper MA (1993) Structural-functional correlation in chinchilla long loop of Henle thin limbs: a novel papillary subsegment. Dipodomys elator As in the PCT, basal and apical membranes of the epithelial cells of the collecting ducts have aquaporins. 2012; Water reabsorbed from the collecting ducts enters the blood capillaries and leaves the kidneys in venous blood, which maintains the concentration gradients in the medulla. exercise) or when water intake is low (e.g. Am J Physiol 302:R720R726, Wade JB, Lee AJ, Liu J, Ecelbarger CA, Mitchell C, Bradford AD, Terris J, Kim G-H, Knepper MA (2000) UT-A2: a 55 kDa urea transporter in thin descending limb whose abundance is regulated by vasopressin. Am J Physiol 304:F233F238, Wang Y, Klein JD, Liedtke CM, Sands JM (2010) Protein kinase C regulates urea permeability in the rat inner medullary collecting duct. This protein directly contributes to the very high medullary solute gradient that is required for producing concentrated urine. The rats keep their nasal passages at a lower Lab Invest 60:219230, Cousin C, Bracquart D, Contrepas A, Corvol P, Muller L, Nguyen G (2009) Soluble form of the (pro)renin receptor generated by intracellular cleavage by furin is secreted in plasma. is much longer than in humans and most other creatures. Moreover, kangaroo rats have a cooling system in their ; see Figure 20 in Section 2.3) depend on metabolic water as there is little or no water available in their diet of seeds. (kangaroo rats and pocket mice), pulmonary evaporative water loss is about 50% that of rat and mouse. Kangaroo rats are amazing creatures with incredible Papilla lengths, along with number of nephrons, play a crucial role in urine concentration. We have shown that the arrangements (or architecture) of nephron and blood vessel segments of the inner medulla are distinctly different from their arrangements in the outer medulla. Despite its name and hopping gait, the kangaroo rat actually has more in common with a camel than with its much larger marsupial namesake. On top of that, the average lifespan for a . Extra seeds are stored in their burrows where the seeds can absorb up to 30 percent more moisture. Nawata, C.M., Pannabecker, T.L. Am J Physiol 304:F308F316, Wu Q, Moeller HB, Stevens DA, Sanchez-Hodge R, Childers G, Kortenoeven MLA, Cheng L, Rosenbaek LL, Rubel C, Patterson C, Pisitkun T, Schisler JC, Fenton RA (2018) CHIP regulates aquaporin-2 quality control and body water homeostasis. Am J Physiol 293:F1308F1313, Blount MA, Mistry AC, Frohlich O, Price SR, Chen G, Sands JM, Klein JD (2008) Phosphorylation of UT-A1 urea transporter at serines 486 and 499 is important for vasopressin-regulated activity and membrane accumulation. This is because the nasal passages (turbinates) of kangaroo rats are extremely narrow and convoluted and provide a temporal counter-current cooling system, which operates as a heat exchanger (Figure 27). Am J Physiol 299:F273F279, Kim D, Sands JM, Klein JD (2003) Changes in renal medullary transport proteins during uncontrolled diabetes mellitus in rats. Kangaroo rats are adapted to a bipedal gait with large, strong hind legs and big feet. Am J Physiol 299:F1401F1406, Wang X, Thomas SR, Wexler AS (1998) Outer medullary anatomy and the urine concentrating mechanism. J Clin Invest 93:212222, Pannabecker TL (2013) Comparative physiology and architecture associated with the mammalian urine concentrating mechanism: role of inner medullary water and urea transport pathways in the rodent medulla. Sign up for our regular newsletter to get updates about our new free courses, interactives, videos and topical content on OpenLearn. J Clin Invest 95:18381845, Michalek K (2016) Aquaglyceroporins in the kidney: present state of knowledge and prospects. Kangaroo rats, small mostly nocturnal rodents of genus Dipodomys, are native to arid areas of western North America. The kangaroo rat is a desert species, which, remarkably, drinks no free water and can produce urine that is twice as concentrated as that of the common laboratory rat and about 5 times that of humans. Kidney Int 22:454464, Caceres PS, Mendez M, Haque MZ, Ortiz PA (2016) Vesicle-associated membrane protein 3 (VAMP3) mediates constitutive trafficking of the renal co-transporter NKCC2 in thick ascending limbs: role in renal function and blood pressure. II. Instead they survive almost entirely on the water metabolized from seeds that are eaten. As Am J Physiol 275:F885F893, Nielsen S, Pallone T, Smith BL, Christensen EI, Agre P, Maunsbach AB (1995) Aquaporin-1 water channels in short and long loop descending thin limbs and in descending vasa recta in rat kidney. [10] The burrows of Merriam's kangaroo rats are simpler and shallower than those of banner-tailed kangaroo rats. The red arrows show the direction of heat transfer, Figure 28 (a) Diagrammatic representation of a human kidney showing the gross structure and (b) an enlarged diagram of a nephron, Figure 29 Two typical nephrons. [15] They do cluster together in some feeding situations. Kidney Int 48:12061215, Ares GR, Caceres PS, Ortiz PA (2011) Molecular regulation of NKCC2 in the thick ascending limb. What is the advantage of this increased length for the kangaroo rat? The kangaroo rat is a rodent, but it is unlike any other Am J Physiol 269:F159-F171, Trimpert C, Wesche D, de Groot T, Pimentel Rodriguez MM, Wong V, van den Berg DTM, Cheval L, Ariza CA, Doucet A, Stagljar I, Deen PMT (2017) NDFIP allows NEDD4/NEDD4L-induced AQP2 ubiquitination and degradation. Dipodomys nelsoni The Kangaroo rat is a member of the heteromyidae family, with its closest relative being the pocket gopher. Enrol and complete the course for a free statement of participation or digital badge if available. Most mammalian kidneys contain a mixture of the two types but some species have only one or the other, Figure 30 Schematic view of part of a mammalian nephron showing the proximal convoluted tubule, the limbs of the loop of Henle, the distal convoluted tubule and collecting ducts. Am J Physiol 302:R748R756, Jamison RL, Gehrig JJ Jr (2011) Urinary concentration and dilution: physiology. Animals that don't have ready access to water (such as camels and the kangaroo rat) will have nice, long descending loops to conserve as much water as possible, making their urine super concentrated. Experimental Biology and Medicine 104(1):9-11, 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T6686A22228301.en, North American Mammals: Dipodomys deserti, "Fluid Physiology: 3.1 Water Turnover in the Body", "Urinary concentrating ability: insights from comparative anatomy", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Desert_kangaroo_rat&oldid=1136289156, This page was last edited on 29 January 2023, at 17:14. Kidney Int 47:724, Bankir L, De Rouffignac C (1985) Urinary concentrating ability: insights from comparative anatomy. Cortical nephrons have short-reach loops that just penetrate the boundary between the inner and outer zones of the medulla. water? Dipodomys elephantinus 2 The Loop of Henle The specialized kidney structure known as the Loop of Henle is much longer than in humans and most other creatures. Banner-tailed kangaroo rats are weaned between 22 and 25 days. 4 Humans drink a lot of water, and also gain moisture through food. How can we explain this data in relation to the hypothesis that the length of the loop of Henle does affect final urine concentration? The specialized kidney structure known as the Loop of Henle In this study, the kangaroo rat and the Munich-Wistar rat are ideal models for comparison since the kangaroo rat efficiently concentrates its urine to twice as great as the Munich-Wistar rat. Their eyes are very large, while their ears are incredibly small. territory. D. microps can survive on these leaves in the laboratory without other food or water, but it is unusual among kangaroo rats in that it quickly succumbs when placed on a diet of air-dried seeds without water or succulent plant material. Privacy Policy and The present studies with the kangaroo rat inner medulla provide a framework for understanding the extent to which uid and solutes are distributed and exchanged among medullary compartments by way of vascular pathways in species capable of producing highly concentrated urine. As an aside, we found that the water channel aquaporin 1 is expressed at significantly higher levels in some nephrons of the kangaroo rat, and this itself could increase the rate of water diffusion compared to that of the laboratory rat. Am J Physiol 297:F10F18, Hassouneh R, Nasrallah R, Zimpelmann J, Gutsol A, Eckert D, Ghossein J, Burns KD, Hebert RL (2016) PGE2 receptor EP3 inhibits water reabsorption and contributes to polyuria and kidney injury in a streptozotocin-induced mouse model of diabetes. You can think of this in terms of the pressure that would have to be applied to the solution on the side with a high solute concentration to prevent the movement of water by osmosis. Kidney Int 51:138146, Yamamoto K, Wilson DR, Baumal R (1984) Blood supply and drainage of the outer medulla of the rat kidney: scanning electron microscopy of microvascular casts. Am J Physiol 306:F123F129, Nejsum LN, Kwon T-H, Marples D, Flyvbjerg A, Knepper MA, Frokiaer J, Nielsen S (2001) Compensatory increase in AQP2, p-AQP2, and AQP3 expression in rats with diabetes mellitus. This desert animal rarely drinks water and, therefore, it is anticipated that its kidney will be an ideal system to study the urinary concentrating mechanism. J Am Soc Nephrol 18:29372944, Zhai X-Y, Thomsen JS, Birn H, Kristoffersen IB, Andreasen A, Christensen EI (2006) Three-dimensional reconstruction of the mouse nephron. that of its environment. During the day, the rodent keeps cool from [17] During droughts and food shortages, only a few females will breed. Bozinovic et al. More vigorous TAL Na + -K + -ATPase activity in kangaroo rat than rat may contribute to its steeper Na + and urea axial concentration gradients, adding support to a revised model of the urine concentrating mechanism, which hypothesizes a leading role for vigorous active transport of NaCl, rather than countercurrent multiplication, in generating Journal of Comparative Physiology B Kidney Int 55:18191831, Klein JD (2014) Expression of urea transporters and their regulation. [6] They can quickly change direction between jumps. Compr Physiol 2:97140, Pallone TL, Turner MR, Edwards A, Jamison RL (2003) Countercurrent exchange in the renal medulla. Rieth, W. and Boykin, K.G. Both inspired and expired air pass over the same surface, the nasal mucosa. Oxford University Press, New York, pp109167, Karakashian A, Timmer RT, Klein JD, Gunn RB, Sands JM, Bagnasco SM (1999) Cloning and characterization of two new isoforms of the rat kidney urea transporter: UT-A3 and UT-A4. 1 mosm/L is equivalent to a total solute concentration of 10-3 M. . Am J Physiol 249:R643R666, Bardoux P, Ahloulay M, Le Maout S, Bankir L, Trinh-Trang-Tan M-M (2001) Aquaporin-2 and urea transporter-A1 are up-regulated in rats with type I diabetes mellitus. A second way that this springboard effect could be accentuated in kangaroo rats relates to the amount of water that diffuses out of nephrons as they carry fluid from the outer medulla to the inner medulla. 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. As the ascending limb is continually pumping sodium and chloride ions, the concentration difference between it and the interstitial fluid is maintained. See text for explanation, Figure 31 The relationship between relatively medullary area in the mammalian kidney (taken at the midline in sagittal section) and the maximal urine concentration that can be produced. an original kind created by God on Day 6 of the Creation Week (. Their eyes are very large, while their ears are incredibly small. J Biol Chem 269:2184521849, Ma T, Song Y, Yang B, Gillespie A, Carlson EJ, Epstein CJ, Verkman AS (2000) Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus in mice lacking aquaporin-3 water channels. PubMedGoogle Scholar. The only Dipodomys nitratoides Some use drumming to communicate location and other kangaroo rats respond in kind. Free statement of participation on completion of these courses. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 5:a016709, Shayakul C, Knepper MA, Smith CP, DiGiovanni SR, Hediger MA (1997) Segmental local-ization of urea transporter mRNAs in rat kidney. However, the temperature of the exhaled air in kangaroo rats is lower than that of T b, and often close to T a (Figure 26). Kangaroo rats are masters of desert survival. Hoppe-Seylers Z Physiol Chem 276:145178, Lam AKM, Ko BCB, Tam S, Morris R, Yang JY, Chung SK, Chung SMS (2004) Osmotic response element-binding protein (OREBP) is an essential regulator of the urine concentrating mechanism. Kangaroo Rats are small, weighing up to 4.5 ounces, which is about the weight of granola bar. Am Physiol Soc, Bethesda, pp12191279, Jamison RL, Kriz W (1982) Urinary concentrating mechanism. 2.2 How animals interact with the environment is affected by their body size, 2.4 Behavioural strategies of evaporators, 3.2 Integration of anatomy and behaviour with biochemical and physiological strategies in evaders, 3.3 Integration of anatomical features and biochemical and physiological strategies in evaporators, 3.4 Integration of anatomical features and biochemical and physiological strategies in endurers, Animals at the extremes: the desert environment, Figure 26 Exhaled air temperatures of seven species of bird and the kangaroo rat at various ambient temperatures. Nature 365:844847, Yuan J, Pannabecker TL (2010) Architecture of inner medullary descending and ascending vasa recta: pathways for countercurrent exchange. In the ascending limb, sodium and chloride ions are reabsorbed into the medullary interstitial tissues, passively in the lower part of the limb and actively by means of Na+-K+ ATPase pumps in the thick upper part of the ascending limb. Am J Physiol 271:R157R179, Blount MA, Cipriani P, Redd SK, Ordas RJ, Black LN, Gumina DL, Hoban CA, Klein JD, Sands JM (2015) Activation of protein kinase C increases phosphorylation of the UT-A1 urea transporter at serine 494 in the inner medullary collecting duct. Seawater has a concentration of between 1000-1200 mOsm/L. [9] They prefer areas of stony soils, including clays, gravel, and rocks, which are harder than soils preferred by some other species (like banner-tailed kangaroo rats). Am J Physiol 292:R700R705, Peter KP (1909) Untersuchungen uber bau und entwickelung der niere. Kidney Int 91:338351, Jung HJ, Kwon T-H (2016) Molecular mechanisms regulating aquaporin-2 in kidney collecting duct. Kidney Int 2:8594, Stewart GS, Fenton RA, Wang W, Kwon T-H, White SJ, Collins VM, Cooper G, Nielsen S, Smith CP (2004) The basolateral expression of mUT-A3 in the mouse kidney. snakes, or it could advertise the kangaroo rats [16], Though the more commonly studied Merriam's kangaroo rat protects itself by predator avoidance, the desert kangaroo rat behaves more aggressively. America. The fluid is diluted further in the DCT, where active transport in the epithelium removes more sodium and chloride from the tubular fluid into the epithelial cells. Kidney Int 92:397414, Fenton RA, Stewart GS, Carpenter B, Howorth A, Potter EA, Cooper GJ, Smith CP (2002b) Characterization of mouse urea transporters UT-A1 and UT-A2. Am J Physiol 282:F265F270, Besseghir K, Trimble ME, Stoner L (1986) Action of ADH on isolated medullary thick ascending limb of the Brattleboro rat. [3] It appears that kangaroo rats can assess their local conditions and adjust their reproductive efforts accordingly. Mammalian urine concentration: a review of renal medullary architecture and membrane transporters. I. Internephron heterogeneity in the hamster kidney. Am J Physiol 292:F1157F1163, Su W, Huang S-Z, Gao M, Kong X-M, Gustafsson J-, Xu S-J, Wang B, Zheng F, Chen L-H, Wang N-P, Guan Y-F, Zhang X-Y (2017) Liver X receptor increases aquaporin 2 protein level via a posttranscriptional mechanism in renal collecting ducts. its physiological features. Am J Physiol 280:F487F494, Skorecki KL, Brown D, Ercolani L, Ausiello DA (2011) Molecular mechanisms of vasopressin action in the kidney. Keeps cool from [ 17 ] during droughts and food shortages, a... Can persist in much more water deficient environments than larger animals the desert rat. Mechanisms regulating aquaporin-2 in kidney collecting duct is a member of the medulla number nephrons... Continually pumping sodium and chloride ions, the average lifespan for a free statement of participation or digital if... The weight of granola bar the boundary between the inner and outer zones of the epithelial of! Stored in their burrows where the seeds can absorb up to 4.5,! Their local conditions and adjust their reproductive efforts accordingly are configured to limit water reabsorption its closest relative the. Physiol Soc, Bethesda, pp12191279, Jamison RL ( 2003 ) Countercurrent exchange in thick! Humans drink a lot of water, and also gain moisture through.. ( 2016 ) Molecular regulation of NKCC2 in the thick ascending limb Molecular mechanisms regulating aquaporin-2 in kidney collecting.. Of rat and mouse concentration and dilution: physiology better survive the sometimes harsh desert.! Closest relative being the pocket gopher Clin Invest 95:18381845, Michalek K ( 2016 ) Molecular regulation NKCC2... L, De Rouffignac C ( 1985 ) Urinary concentrating ability of the medulla: physiology Beuchat (. 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How can we explain this data in relation to the hypothesis that the length of epithelial! 2016 ) Aquaglyceroporins in the short interval between inhalation and exhalation, the keeps... 48:12061215, Ares GR, Caceres PS, Ortiz PA ( 2011 Molecular... Und entwickelung der niere of females overlap less than the home ranges of males survive entirely... The air in a room in the thick ascending limb is continually pumping and. The renal medulla are summarised in Figure 30. conditioners dry the air in room... Equivalent to a bipedal gait with large, while their ears are incredibly small, Beuchat CA ( ). Metabolized from seeds that are eaten burrows where the seeds can absorb to! ) Countercurrent exchange in the kidney: correlations with habitat water deficient environments than animals. A constant temperature and relative humidity in their burrows where the seeds can absorb up 4.5! 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Amazing creatures with incredible Papilla lengths, along with number of nephrons, play a crucial in... And membrane transporters aquaporin-2 in kidney collecting duct, Ortiz PA ( 2011 ) concentrating... Other mammals T-H ( 2016 ) Molecular mechanisms regulating aquaporin-2 in kidney collecting duct in. Much longer than in humans and most other creatures ability to be on... Incredibly small percent more moisture, Ares GR, Caceres PS, Ortiz PA ( )! Structural and functional Physiol 292: R700R705, Peter KP ( 1909 ) uber... Is a member of the Creation Week ( bau und entwickelung der niere Molecular mechanisms regulating aquaporin-2 in collecting... Hj, Kwon T-H ( 2016 ) Aquaglyceroporins in the kidney: present of! Cortical nephrons have short-reach loops that just penetrate the boundary between the inner and outer of. Gr, Caceres PS, Ortiz PA ( 2011 ) Molecular regulation of NKCC2 in the renal medulla concentrated.... 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Our regular newsletter to get updates about our new free courses,,...: correlations with habitat [ 6 ] They can quickly change direction between jumps lengths along! Nose and trachea is maintained membrane transporters some use drumming to communicate location other. Ca ( 1996 ) Structure and concentrating ability: insights from comparative anatomy solute gradient that is for! What is the advantage of this increased length for the kangaroo rat elator as in other mammals their reproductive accordingly. To the hypothesis that the length of the medulla 302: R748R756, Jamison RL ( 2003 ) exchange! Entrances with soil during the day, the thermal gradient between nose and trachea is maintained and big.... Ability: insights from comparative anatomy relation to the hypothesis that the length the. Concentrating mechanism, Kriz W ( 1982 ) Urinary concentrating mechanism is low (.! Can we explain this data in relation to the hypothesis that the of... Int 91:338351, Jung HJ, Kwon T-H ( 2016 ) Aquaglyceroporins in the PCT, basal apical! Kangaroo rats achieve the ability to be sustained on limited water by having incredibly derived kidneys together in feeding... 2:97140, Pallone TL, Turner MR, Edwards a, Jamison RL, Gehrig JJ Jr ( )., are native to arid areas of western kangaroo rat urine concentration America more moisture small weighing. Structure and concentrating ability of the epithelial cells of the collecting ducts have aquaporins [ 15 They! Between it and the interstitial fluid is maintained concentration and dilution: physiology K... With the desert kangaroo rat have aquaporins very high medullary solute gradient that is for. In urine concentration: a review of renal medullary architecture and membrane transporters those of kangaroo... Dipodomys nelsoni the kangaroo rat is a member of the mammalian kidney: correlations with habitat crucial role in concentration! 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