The Holocaust, sometimes called The Shoah ( Hebrew: ), was a genocide in which Nazi Germany systematically killed people during World War II. Nglish: Translation of holocaust for Spanish Speakers, Britannica English: Translation of holocaust for Arabic Speakers, Britannica.com: Encyclopedia article about holocaust. Perpetrators used forced emigration, resettlement, expulsion, deportation, and ghettoization to physically displace Jewish individuals and communities. Nazi Germany and its allies and collaborators had devastated or completely destroyed thousands of Jewish communities across Europe. The Nazi German regime implemented this genocide between 1941 and 1945. What are the names of God in various Kenyan tribes? While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. On January 30, 1933, he was named chancellor of Germany. This included Roma (Gypsies), Poles (especially the Polish intelligentsia and elites), Soviet officials, and Soviet prisoners of war. In many places, local auxiliary units working with the SS and police participated in the mass shootings. Holocaust. Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/holocaust. These so-called death marches continued all the way up to the German surrender, resulting in the deaths of some 250,000 to 375,000 people. Many went to Palestine, where the small Jewish community was willing to receive refugees. Updates? These individuals motivations were wide-ranging: fear, self-interest, greed, revenge, antisemitism, and political and ideological beliefs. In the aftermath of the Holocaust, the world has struggled to come to terms with the horrors of the genocide, to remember the victims, and to hold perpetrators responsible. Germanys formal surrender in World War II came barely a week later, on May 8, 1945. These sites included Fort IX in. Even in the early 21st century, the legacy of the Holocaust endures. Holocaust . The Nazi Final Solution to the Jewish Question (Endlsung der Judenfrage) was the deliberate and systematic mass murder of European Jews. Many Holocaust survivors faced, Despite Nazi Germanys efforts to murder all the Jews of Europe, some Jews survived the Holocaust. That August, 500 officials gassed 500 Soviet POWs to death with the pesticide Zyklon-B. Though use of the term itself dates only to the 1870s, there is evidence of hostility toward Jews long before the Holocausteven as far back as the ancient world, when Roman authorities destroyed the Jewish temple in Jerusalem and forced Jews to leave Palestine. In his classic book Survival in Auschwitz, the Italian-Jewish author Primo Levi described his own state of mind, as well as that of his fellow inmates in Auschwitz on the day before Soviet troops liberated the camp in January 1945: We lay in a world of death and phantoms. In part she showed how Germany fought two wars simultaneously: World War II and the racial war against the Jews. Throughout the 1930s, Nazi Germany pursued an aggressive. In fact, The Nazis falsely accused Jews of causing Germanys social, economic, political, and cultural problems. Responding with alarm to Hitlers rise, the Jewish community sought to defend their rights as Germans. walls or other barriers. The Holocaust era began in January 1933 when Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party came to power in Germany. inspired, ordered, approved, and supported the genocide of Europes Jews. Fezzik : At Miracle Max's. It fits so nice, he said I could keep it. Notably, in 1944, German and Hungarian authorities created temporary ghettos to centralize and control Jews prior to their deportation from Hungary. Prior to Kristallnacht, Nazi policies toward Jews had been antagonistic but primarily non-violent. But in all instances, millions of people were persecuted simply because they were identified as Jewish. Oh, what I wouldn't give for a holocaust cloak. At first, the Nazis reserved their harshest persecution for political opponents such as Communists or Social Democrats. Between 1933 and 1945, Nazi Germany and its allies and collaborators implemented a wide range of anti-Jewish policies and measures. holocaust definition: 1. a very large amount of destruction, especially by fire or heat, or the killing of very large. An unknown number chose to do so. This word was chosen because in the ultimate manifestation of the Nazi killing programthe extermination campsthe bodies of the victims were consumed whole in crematoria and open fires. Some were able to go home and chose to rebuild their lives in Europe. Surrounded by high walls and barbed wire, the Jewish ghettoes in Poland functioned like captive city-states, governed by Jewish Councils. This was part of the widespread theft and plunder that accompanied the genocide. Beginning in late 1941, the Germans began mass transports from the ghettoes in Poland to the concentration camps, starting with those people viewed as the least useful: the sick, old and weak and the very young. For the anti-Semitic Nazis who met at the Wannsee Conference in Berlin on January 20, 1942, this mass murder was the final solution to the so-called Jewish question. Survivors of the camps found it nearly impossible to return home, as in many cases they had lost their entire family and been denounced by their non-Jewish neighbors. The first official concentration camp opened at Dachau (near Munich) in March 1933, and many of the first prisoners sent there were Communists. The first group targeted by the Nazi regime consisted of, The Nazi regime also targeted Germans whose activities were deemed harmful to German society. Main telephone: 202.488.0400 It relied on the help of its allies and collaborators. Next, they would force them to dig a mass grave or take them to mass graves prepared in advance. Throughout the spring and summer of 1940, the German army expanded Hitlers empire in Europe, conquering Denmark, Norway, the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg and France. Holocaust Remembrance. Otherwise, the Nazis insisted, the Jewish race would permanently corrupt and destroy the German people. These examples are programmatically compiled from various online sources to illustrate current usage of the word 'holocaust.' The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum defines the years of the Holocaust as 19331945. Individuals also profited from the Holocaust. Some Wehrmacht units also carried out massacres. German authorities and their allies and collaborators also established ghettos in other parts of Europe. People with disabilities, especially those living in institutions, were considered both a genetic and a financial burden on Germany. Among other tasks, these prisoners had to sort through victims belongings and remove victims bodies from the gas chambers. race. For example, approximately 200,000 Polish Jews fled the German occupation of Poland. This usage came about gradually. Members of Nazi organizations initiated and carried out many anti-Jewish actions before and during World War II. Answer (1 of 3): Never heard it. In order to efficiently transport Jews to the killing centers, German authorities used the extensive European railroad system, as well as other means of transportation. Overview of the Holocaust. How do you download your XBOX 360 upgrade onto a CD? In doing so, they brought about their deaths. Eyewitnesses brought reports of Nazi atrocities in Poland to the Allied governments, who were harshly criticized after the war for their failure to respond, or to publicize news of the mass slaughter. The Nrnberg Laws formally divided Germans and Jews, yet neither the word German nor the word Jew was defined. Corrections? What conditions, ideologies, and ideas made the Holocaust possible? The Nazi regime carried out a campaign against male homosexuality and persecuted gay men between 1933 and 1945. In his invitation to government leaders, Roosevelt specified that they would not have to change laws or spend government funds; only philanthropic funds would be used for resettlement. [count] : a piece of clothing that is used as a coat, that has no sleeves, and that is worn over the shoulders and attached at the neck. Please select which sections you would like to print: Michael Berenbaumagraduate of Queens College (BA, 1967) and Florida State University (Ph.D., 1975) who alsoattended The Hebrew University andthe Jewish Theological Seminaryis a writer, Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Like the network of concentration camps that followed, becoming the killing grounds of the Holocaust, Dachau was under the control of Heinrich Himmler, head of the elite Nazi guard, the Schutzstaffel (SS) and later chief of the German police. The perpetrators deprived them of food, water, bathrooms, heat, and medical care. They referred to this plan as the Final Solution to the Jewish Question.. The Nazi German regime perpetrated mass shootings of civilians on a scale never seen before. The Nazis portrayed the Jews as a race and not as a religious group. In the course of the Second World War, the Nazis murdered nearly six million European Jews. bought, took, or looted their Jewish neighbors' belongings and property. This genocide is called the Holocaust. This exclusion contributed to stereotypes of Jews as outsiders. In the 19th century, antisemites falsely claimed that Jews were responsible for many social and political ills in modern, industrial society. Gassing operations were conducted at killing centers and with mobile gas vans. The instability of Germany under the Weimar Republic (19181933), the fear of communism, and the economic shocks of the Great Depression also made many Germans more open to Nazi ideas, including antisemitism. Survival took a variety of forms. For example, they found hiding places for Jews, procured false papers that offered protective Christian identities, or provided them with food and supplies. The heaviest deportations took place during the summer and fall of 1942, when more than 300,000 people were deported from the Warsaw ghetto alone. cloak noun (PIECE OF CLOTHING) [ C ] a loose outer piece of clothing without sleeves that fastens at the neck and hangs from the shoulders cloak noun (SOMETHING THAT HIDES) [ C usually sing ] something that covers or hides something: The agents operate under a cloak of secrecy. Attempts to document life in the ghettos, such as the, Many ghettos also had underground movements that carried out armed resistance. Do you get more time for selling weed it in your home or outside? Some Germans cheered as Jews were beaten or humiliated. Among them were Hermann Gring, Heinrich Himmler, Reinhard Heydrich, and Adolf Eichmann. Nor did he lay out an exact plan for the implementation of the Final Solution. Beginning in June 1941, German officials also established them in newly conquered territories in eastern Europe following the German attack on the Soviet Union. That task was left to the bureaucracy. Political enemies were the first to be incarcerated in Nazi concentration camps. The deliberate and systematic destruction of a group of people because of their ethnicity, nationality, religion, or race was given a name, genocide, by Raphael Lemkin, a Polish-born jurist who served as an adviser to the U.S. Department of War during World War II. Jews in the ghettos sought to maintain a sense of dignity and community. These included officials and members of other political parties and trade union activists. After Germany. These German-backed collaborators included some local police forces, bureaucracies, and paramilitary units. It is also preferred by people who speak Hebrew and by those who want to be more particular about the Jewish experience or who are uncomfortable with the religious connotations of the word Holocaust. It affected nearly all of Europes Jewish population, which in 1933 numbered 9 million people. These new forms included economic, nationalist, and racial antisemitism. As discrimination against Jews increased, German law required a legal definition of a Jew and an Aryan. those Jews who survived were often confronted with the traumatic reality of having lost their entire families and communities. In Israel and France, Shoah, a biblical Hebrew word meaning catastrophe, became the preferred term for the event, largely in response to director Claude Lanzmanns influential nine-and-a-half-hour 1985 motion picture documentary of the same name. The Nazi definition of Jews included people who did not practice Judaism. This radicalization culminated in the mass murder of six million Jews. 2023, A&E Television Networks, LLC. legal restrictions on Jews. In particular, they blamed them for Germanys defeat in, However, the Nazis did not invent antisemitism. Nazi leaders relied upon German institutions and organizations; other Axis powers; local bureaucracies and institutions; and individuals. United Nations. The Majdanek concentration camp was a death camp built in 1941 by orders of the commander of the SS, Heinrich Himmler. Throughout Europe, individuals who had no governmental or institutional affiliation and did not directly participate in murdering Jews also contributed to the Holocaust. Anti-Semitic feeling endured, however, in many cases taking on a racial character rather than a religious one. The Holocaust was the systematic, state-sponsored persecution and murder of six million European Jews by the Nazi German regime and its allies and collaborators. the Holocaust. Special units disposed of the millions of corpses through mass burial, in burning pits, or by burning them in large. Special units disposed of the millions of corpses through mass burial, in burning pits, or by burning them in large, specially designed crematoria. In an effort to punish the villains of the Holocaust, the Allies held the Nuremberg Trials of 1945-46, which brought Nazi atrocities to horrifying light. Ordinary Germans also participated in the Holocaust in a variety of ways. The Nazi regime also targeted Germans whose activities were deemed harmful to German society. at these killing sites. Members of the Sicherheitsdienst (the SD), the Gestapo, the Criminal Police (Kripo), and the Order Police played particularly active and deadly roles in the mass murder of Europes Jews. The main character, Westley, wishes for one when he and his friends are making plans to storm the evil prince's. Many others were afraid to do so because of postwar violence and antisemitism. The Holocaust was a genocide during World War II in which Nazi Germany, aided by its collaborators, systematically murdered approximately 6 million European Jews. Before World War II began, hundreds of thousands of Jews. After the death of President Paul von Hindenburg in 1934, Hitler anointed himself Fuhrer, becoming Germanys supreme ruler. What is Genocide? This culminated in World War II, which began in Europe in 1939. Jews hiding places, unmasked false Christian. In Hitlers view, such restraint on the exercise of power would inevitably lead to the weakening, even the defeat, of the master race. cloak verb [ T ] us / klok / cloak verb [T] (HIDE) The Allies also encountered and liberated the survivors of so-called death marches. Born in Austria in 1889, he served in the German army during World War I. Those who immigrated to the United States, Great Britain, and other areas that remained beyond German control were safe from Nazi violence. These Jews survived the war under harsh conditions after Soviet authorities deported them further east into the interior of the Soviet Union. German authorities often enclosed these areas by building walls or other barriers. Perpetrators would use these vans to suffocate victims with carbon monoxide exhaust. Holocaust. cloak 1 of 2 noun klk Synonyms of cloak 1 : a loose outer garment 2 : something likened to an outer garment: such as a : something that envelops or conceals a cloak of secrecy b : a distinctive character or role hung up his academic cloak to become a stay-at-home father Charles Chamberlain cloak 2 of 2 verb cloaked; cloaking; cloaks Many people were responsible for carrying out the Holocaust and the Final Solution. German officials first created ghettos in 19391940 in German-occupied Poland. Some Jews survived the Holocaust by escaping German-controlled Europe. Wear it with pride, journalist Robert Weltsch wrote in 1933 of the Jewish identity the Nazis had so stigmatized. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Nurphoto / Getty Images. They considered Germans to be members of the supposedly superior Aryan race. . The Warsaw Ghetto Uprising from April 19-May 16, 1943, ended in the death of 7,000 Jews, with 50,000 survivors sent to extermination camps. Updated: April 11, 2023 | Original: October 14, 2009. A week later the Nazis dismissed Jews from the civil service, and by the end of the month the participation of Jews in German schools was restricted by a quota. This culminated in Kristallnacht, or the Night of Broken Glass in November 1938, when German synagogues were burned and windows in Jewish home and shops were smashed; some 100 Jews were killed and thousands more arrested. Accessed 18 Apr. As Europe became more secular, many places lifted most legal restrictions on Jews. The Holocaust, during which some 6 million Jews, Gypsies, homosexuals and other people were systematically exterminated by Nazi Germany during World War II, was one of the most horrific . As part of the Final Solution, Nazi Germany committed mass murder on an unprecedented scale. Mass shooting operations took place in more than 1,500 cities, towns, and villages across eastern Europe. These Jews survived the war under harsh conditions after Soviet authorities deported them further east into the interior of the Soviet Union. Generally they would have been saved during the Holocaust, Many Germans. he and his friends are making plans to storm the evil prince's It also created puppet states in Slovakia and Croatia. Categorization was the first stage of destruction. What Is the Origin of the Term Holocaust? Rescue efforts ranged from the isolated actions of individuals to organized networks, both small and large. Most countries, however, were unwilling to receive large numbers of refugees. protection against attackers. They would then take the Jewish residents to the outskirts of the town. But before 1941, the systematic mass murder of all Jews was not Nazi policy. The work of bestial degradation, begun by the victorious Germans, had been carried to conclusion by the Germans in defeat.. Despite Nazi Germanys efforts to murder all the Jews of Europe, some Jews survived the Holocaust. In the Middle Ages (5001400), prejudices against Jews were primarily based in early Christian belief and thought, particularly the myth that Jews were responsible for the death of Jesus. Once the war began, the SS and its police affiliates became especially deadly. Holocaust (sacrifice), an ancient sacrifice or offering from which the name was derived. In 1943, eugenics advocate Josef Mengele arrived in Auschwitz to begin his infamous experiments on Jewish prisoners. Jewish forced labor became a central feature of life in many ghettos. However, Hitler did not act alone. Rhetorically, it is a liability shield or Red Herring that Jews use to deflect from real criticism. Throughout the 1930s, the regime increasingly pressured Jews to emigrate. 100 Raoul Wallenberg Place, SW This, however, did not mean the end of antisemitism. But in all instances, millions of people were persecuted simply because they were identified as Jewish. One of the deadliest things that neighbors, acquaintances, colleagues, and even friends. Sometimes, these massacres involved the use of specially designed mobile gas vans. took hold in Europe in the 18th and 19th centuries. Almost immediately, the Nazi German regime (which called itself the, But the Nazi persecution of Jews spread beyond Germany. Suspicion and discrimination rooted in religious prejudices continued in early modern Europe (14001800). Beginning in September 1941, every person designated as a Jew in German-held territory was marked with a yellow, six-pointed star, making them open targets. Sometimes these individuals are called bystanders. They also falsely claimed that all Jews were an existential threat to Germany and that they had to be destroyed. The term " Holocaust Cloak" is mainly known from the "The Princess Bride". Survival took a variety of forms. The wounds of the Holocaustknown in Hebrew as Shoah, or catastrophewere slow to heal. A smaller number of Jews survived inside German-controlled Europe. One moose, two moose. From 1933 to 1939, hundreds of thousands of Jews who were able to leave Germany did, while those who remained lived in a constant state of uncertainty and fear. These included, People with disabilities were also victimized by the Nazi regime. In the, the myth that Jews were responsible for the death of Jesus. 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